Paper detail

Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster

Sufficiently massive clumps of molecular gas collapse under self-gravity and fragment to spawn a cluster of stars that have a range of masses. We investigate observationally the early stages of formation of a stellar cluster in a massive filamentary infrared dark cloud, G28.34+0.06 P1, in the 1.3mm continuum and spectral line emission using the ALMA. Sensitive continuum data reveal further fragmentation in five dusty cores at a resolution of several 10^3 AU. Spectral line emission from C18O, CH3OH, 13CS, H2CO and N2D+ are detected for the first time toward these dense cores. We found that three cores are chemically more evolved as compared with the other two; interestingly though, all of them are associated with collimated outflows as suggested by evidence from the CO, SiO, CH3OH, H2CO and SO emissions. The parsec-scale kinematics in NH3 exhibit velocity gradients along the filament, consistent with accretion flows toward the clumps and cores. The moderate luminosity and the chemical signatures indicate that the five cores harbor low- to intermediate-mass protostars that likely become massive ones at the end of the accretion. Despite the fact that the mass limit reached by the 1σdust continuum sensitivity is 30 times lower than the thermal Jeans mass, there is a lack of a distributed low-mass protostellar population in the clump. Our observations indicate that in a protocluster, low-mass stars form at a later stage after the birth of more massive protostars.