Finding all squared integers expressible as the sum of consecutive squared integers using generalized Pell equation solutions with Chebyshev polynomials

preprint2014arXivOpen access

Abstract

Square roots ss of sums of MM consecutive integer squares starting from a2≥1a^{2}\geq1 are integers if M≡0,9,24M\equiv0,9,24 or 33(mod 72)33(mod\,72); or M≡1,2M\equiv1,2 or 16(mod 24)16(mod\,24); or M≡11(mod 12)M\equiv11(mod\,12) and cannot be integers if M≡3,5,6,7,8M\equiv3,5,6,7,8 or 10(mod 12)10(mod\,12). Finding all solutions with ss integer requires to solve a Diophantine quadratic equation in variables aa and ss with MM as a parameter. If MM is not a square integer, the Diophantine quadratic equation in variables aa and ss is transformed into a generalized Pell equation whose form depends on the M(mod 4)M(mod\,4) congruent value, and whose solutions, if existing, yield all the solutions in aa and ss for a given value of MM. Depending on whether this generalized Pell equation admits one or several fundamental solution(s), there are one or several infinite branches of solutions in aa and ss that can be written simply in function of Chebyshev polynomials evaluated at the fundamental solutions of the related simple Pell equation. If MM is a square integer, it is known that M≡1(mod 24)M\equiv1(mod\,24) and M=(6n−1)2M=(6n-1)^{2} for all integers nn; then the Diophantine quadratic equation in variables aa and ss reduces to a simple difference of integer squares which yields a finite number of solutions in aa and ss to the initial problem.

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