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Filaments, Bubbles, and Weak Shocks in the Gaseous Atmosphere of M87

We present the first results from a 500 ksec Chandra ACIS-I observation of M87. At soft energies (0.5-1.0 keV), we detect filamentary structures associated with the eastern and southwestern X-ray and radio arms. Many filaments are spatially resolved with widths of ~300 pc. This filamentary structure is particularly striking in the eastern arm where we suggest the filaments are outer edges of a series of plasma-filled, buoyant bubbles whose ages differ by ~6 x 10^6 years. These X-ray structures may be influenced by magnetic filamentation. At hard energies (3.5-7.5 keV), we detect a nearly circular ring of outer radius 2.8' (13 kpc) which provides an unambiguous signature of a weak shock, driven by an outburst from the SMBH. The density rise in the shock is ~1.3 (Mach number, M~1.2). The observed spectral hardening in the ring corresponds to a temperature rise T_shock / T_0 ~ 1.2, or M~1.2, in agreement with the Mach number derived independently from the gas density. Thus, for the first time, we detect gas temperature and density jumps associated with a classical shock in the atmosphere around a supermassive black hole. We also detect two additional surface brightness edges and pressure enhancements at radii of ~0.6' and ~1'. The ~0.6' feature may be over-pressurized thermal gas surrounding the relativistic plasma in the radio cocoon, the ``piston'', produced by the current episode of AGN activity. The over-pressurized gas is surrounded by a cool gas shell. The ~1' feature may be an additional weak shock from a secondary outburst. In an earlier episode, the ``piston'' was responsible for driving the 2.8' shock.