Paper detail

Far-infrared extinction mapping of infrared dark clouds

Progress in understanding star formation requires detailed observational constraints on the initial conditions, i.e. dense clumps and cores in giant molecular clouds that are on the verge of gravitational instability. Such structures have been studied by their extinction of Near-Infrared (NIR) and, more recently, Mid-Infrared (MIR) background light. It has been somewhat more of a surprise to find that there are regions that appear as dark shadows at Far-Infrared (FIR) wavelengths as long as $\sim$100$μm$. Here we develop analysis methods of FIR images from Spitzer-MIPS and Herschel-PACS that allow quantitative measurements of cloud mass surface density, $Σ$. The method builds upon that developed for MIR extinction mapping (MIREX) (Butler and Tan 2012), in particular involving a search for independent saturated, i.e. very opaque, regions that allow measurement of the foreground intensity. We focus on three massive starless core/clumps in IRDC G028.37+00.07, deriving mass surface density maps from 3.5 to 70$μm$. A by-product of this analysis is measurement of the spectral energy distribution of the diffuse foreground emission. The lower opacity at 70$μm$ allows us to probe to higher $Σ$ values, up to $\sim1\:{\rm{g\:cm}^{-2}}$ in the densest parts of the core/clumps. Comparison of the $Σ$ maps at different wavelengths constrains the shape of the MIR-FIR dust opacity law in IRDCs. We find it is most consistent with the thick ice mantle models of Ossenkopf and Henning (1994). There is tentative evidence for grain ice mantle growth as one goes from lower to higher $Σ$ regions.