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Elasticidad de las membranas biológicas

In this article we review the present knowledge on the elastic properties of membranes of biological origin. Assuming the fluid mosaic hypothesis, we consider the phospholipid bilayer as the structural base of a biological membrane. We expose a model due to Helfrich which can be used to obtain an expression for the membrane elastic energy. The free energy is completely characterized by two local principal curvatures and four parameters that depend on the chemical composition of the membrane and its local environment. In addition we present the theoretical justification of an experimental method (the Micropipette Manipulation technique) that may be used to measure the membrane rigidity. Finally, we describe some physical consequences of these concepts, such as the explanation of the lamellar-sponge phase transition and the emergence of the steric interaction between membranes. ------ Se presenta una revisión del conocimiento actual sobre las propiedades elásticas de las membranas. Bajo la hipótesis del mosaico fluido se considera a una bicapa de fosfolípido como la base estructural de una membrana biológica y se expone un modelo debido a Helfrich a partir del cuál se obtiene una expresión para la energía elástica de una membrana. La energía libre queda completamente caracterizada por sus curvaturas locales principales y cuatro parámetros dependientes de la composición química de la membrana y de su entorno local. Se expone la justificación teórica de un método experimental que permite medir la constante elástica de curvatura media de una membrana. Finalmente se describen algunas consecuencias físicas de estos conceptos, como la explicación de la transición de una fase lamelar a una esponja, o la aparición de la interacción estérica entre membranas.

preprint2015arXivOpen access
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