Effective action for Bose-Einstein condensates

We clarify basic properties of an effective action (i.e., self-consistent perturbation expansion) for interacting Bose-Einstein condensates, where field $ψ$ itself acquires a finite thermodynamic average $\langle ψ\rangle$ besides two-point Green's function $\hat G$ to form an off-diagonal long-range order. It is shown that the action can be expressed concisely order by order in terms of the interaction vertex and a special combination of $\langleψ\rangle$ and $\hat G$ so as to satisfy both Noether's theorem and Goldstone's theorem (I) corresponding to the first proof. The self-energy is predicted to have a one-particle-reducible structure due to $\langle ψ\rangle\neq 0$ to transform the Bogoliubov mode into a bubbling mode with a substantial decay rate.

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