Paper detail

Double-detonation explosions as progenitors of type Iax supernovae

It has recently been proposed that one sub-class of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is sufficiently both distinct and common to be classified separately from the bulk of SNe Ia, with a suggested class name of "type Iax supernovae" (SNe Iax), after SN 2002cx. We show that the population properties of this class can be understood if the events originate from helium double-detonation sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosions, in which a carbon--oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) accumulates a helium layer from a non-degenerate helium star. We have incorporated detailed binary evolution calculations for the progenitor systems into a binary population synthesis model to obtain birthrates and delay times for such events. The predicted Galactic event rate is $\sim$$0.6-1.8\times 10^{-3}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, in good agreement with the measured rates of SNe Iax. In addition, predicted delay times are $\sim$70\,Myr$-$710\,Myr, consistent with the fact that SNe Iax have so far only been discovered in late-type galaxies. Based on the CO WD mass at explosion and previous detonation models, we also estimate the distribution of resulting SN brightness ($-13 \gtrsim M_{\rm bol} \gtrsim -19$ mag), which can reproduce the empirical diversity of SNe Iax. We speculate on why binaries with non-degenerate donor stars might lead to SNe Iax if similar systems with degenerate donors do not and suggest that the higher mass of the helium layer necessary for ignition at the lower accretion rates typically delivered from non-degenerate donors might provide the explanation.