Paper detail

Digital twins kinetics of virtual free-radical copolymerization of vinyl monomers with stable radicals. 2. Styrene

The first experience of virtual free-radical copolymerization (FRCP) of methyl methacrylate with stable radicals fullerene C60 and TEMPO in the framework of the digital twins (DTs) concept (arXiv:2309.11616 [physics.chem-ph]) is extended to styrene. The virtualization of the chemical process is based on a conceptual view of this process from the perspective of a chain reaction that covers a set of elementary reactions (ERs). Such an approach is the most suitable for quantum chemical treatment. The calculations, concerning about 50 such ERs as well as associated DTs, were performed using a semi-empirical version of the unrestricted Hartree-Fock approximation. The main energy and spin-density parameters of the DTs ground state are determined. The barrier profiles of the selected DTs were calculated for the activation energy of the studied reactions to be determined. The decisive role of spins in the formation of transition states of these processes was confirmed. The two stable radicals behave quite differently with respect to the standard FRP of styrene. TEMPO effectively captures monomer-radicals of styrene with the acting free radical not depending on which namely radical is in use. Its copolymerizing action manifests itself as a killing of the FRP thus providing the appearance of an induction period (IP) in the total process kinetics. In contrast, the copolymerizing action of fullerene drastically depends on the active free radical. In the case of the alkyl-nitrile one, the fullerene switches to the role of initiator and first provides the styrene polymerization followed with anchoring of the formed polymer chains to the molecule body, after which the standard FRP starts. In the case of benzoyl-peroxide one, fullerene acts an inhibitor thus capturing formed monomer-radicals. The obtained virtual kinetic data are in a full consent with experimental reality.