Paper detail

Cross-correlation of the cosmic 21-cm signal and Lyman Alpha Emitters during reionization

Interferometry of the cosmic 21-cm signal is set to revolutionize our understanding of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), eventually providing 3D maps of the early Universe. Initial detections however will be low signal-to-noise, limited by systematics. To confirm a putative 21-cm detection, and check the accuracy of 21-cm data analysis pipelines, it would be very useful to cross-correlate against a genuine cosmological signal. The most promising cosmological signals are wide-field maps of Lyman alpha emitting galaxies (LAEs), expected from the Subaru Hyper-Suprime Cam (HSC) Ultra-Deep field. Here we present estimates of the correlation between LAE maps at z~7 and the 21-cm signal observed by both the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) and the planned Square Kilometer Array Phase 1 (SKA1). We adopt a systematic approach, varying both: (i) the prescription of assigning LAEs to host halos; and (ii) the large-scale structure of neutral and ionized regions (i.e. EoR morphology). We find that the LAE-21cm cross-correlation is insensitive to (i), thus making it a robust probe of the EoR. A 1000h observation with LOFAR would be sufficient to discriminate at >1 standard deviation a fully ionized Universe from one with a mean neutral fraction of xHI~0.50, using the LAE-21cm cross-correlation function on scales of R~3-10 Mpc. Unlike LOFAR, whose detection of the LAE-21cm cross-correlation is limited by noise, SKA1 is mostly limited by ignorance of the EoR morphology. However, the planned 100h wide-field SKA1-Low survey will be sufficient to discriminate an ionized Universe from one with xHI~0.25, even with maximally pessimistic assumptions.