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Cosmology and modified gravitational wave propagation from binary black hole population models

A joint hierarchical Bayesian analysis of the binary black hole (BBH) mass function, merger rate evolution and cosmological parameters can be used to extract information on both the cosmological and population parameters. We extend this technique to include the effect of modified gravitational wave (GW) propagation. We discuss the constraints on the parameter $Ξ_0$ that describes this phenomenon (with $Ξ_0=1$ in General Relativity, GR) using the data from the GWTC-3 catalog. We find the constraints $Ξ_0 = 1.2^{+0.7}_{-0.7}$ with a flat prior on $Ξ_0$, and $Ξ_0 = 1.0^{+0.4}_{-0.8}$ with a prior uniform in $\logΞ_0$ ($68\%$ C.L., maximum posterior and HDI), which only rely on the presence of a feature in the BBH mass distribution around $\sim 30-45 M_{\odot}$, and are robust to whether or not the event GW190521 is considered an outlier of the population. We then study in more detail the effects of modified GW propagation on population and cosmological analyses for LIGO/Virgo at design sensitivity. For a given data-taking period, the relative error $ΔΞ_0/Ξ_0$ has a significant dependence on the fiducial value of $Ξ_0$, since the latter has a strong influence on the detection rate. For five years of data, the accuracy ranges from $\sim 10\%$ on $Ξ_0$ when $Ξ_0=1$ to $ΔΞ_0/Ξ_0\sim 20\%$ for $Ξ_0=1.8$ - a large deviation from GR, still consistent with current limits and predicted by viable cosmological models. For the Hubble parameter, we forecast an accuracy of $ΔH_0/H_0 \sim 20\%$, and an accuracy on $H(z)$ of $\sim7\%$ at a pivot redshift $z_*\sim 0.8$. We finally show that, if Nature is described by a modified gravity theory with a large deviation from the GR value $Ξ_0=1$, such as $Ξ_0=1.8$, analysing the data assuming GR produces a significant bias in the inferred values of the mass scales, Hubble constant, and BBH merger rate.