Contracting the boundary of a Riemannian 2-disc

Let $D$ be a Riemannian 2-disc of area $A$, diameter $d$ and length of the boundary $L$. We prove that it is possible to contract the boundary of $D$ through curves of length $\leq L + 200d\max\{1,\ln {\sqrt{A}\over d} \}$. This answers a twenty-year old question of S. Frankel and M. Katz, a version of which was asked earlier by M.Gromov. We also prove that a Riemannian $2$-sphere $M$ of diameter $d$ and area $A$ can be swept out by loops based at any prescribed point $p\in M$ of length $\leq 200 d\max\{1,\ln{\sqrt{A}\over d} \}$. This estimate is optimal up to a constant factor. In addition, we provide much better (and nearly optimal) estimates for these problems in the case, when $A<<d^2$. Finally, we describe the applications of our estimates for study of lengths of various geodesics between a fixed pair of points on "thin" Riemannian $2$-spheres.

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