Paper detail

Combining particle acceleration and coronal heating via data-constrained calculations of nanoflares in coronal loops

We model nanoflare heating of extrapolated active-region coronal loops via the acceleration of electrons and protons in Harris-type current sheets. The kinetic energy of the accelerated particles is estimated using semi-analytical and test-particle-tracing approaches. Vector magnetograms and photospheric Doppler velocity maps of NOAA active region 09114, recorded by the Imaging Vector Magnetograph (IVM), were used for this analysis. A current-free field extrapolation of the active-region corona was first constructed. The corresponding Poynting fluxes at the footpoints of 5000 extrapolated coronal loops were then calculated. Assuming that reconnecting current sheets develop along these loops, we utilized previous results to estimate the kinetic-energy gain of the accelerated particles and we related this energy to nanoflare heating and macroscopic loop characteristics. Kinetic energies of 0.1 to 8 keV (for electrons) and 0.3 to 470 keV (for protons) were found to cause heating rates ranging from $10^{-6}$ to 1 $\mathrm{erg\, s^{-1} cm^{-3}}$. Hydrodynamic simulations show that such heating rates can sustain plasma in coronal conditions inside the loops and generate plasma thermal distributions which are consistent with active region observations. We concluded the analysis by computing the form of X-ray spectra generated by the accelerated electrons using the thick target approach that were found to be in agreement with observed X-ray spectra, thus supporting the plausibility of our nanoflare-heating scenario.