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Characteristics of ion beams by laser acceleration in the Coulomb explosion regime

In the Coulomb explosion acceleration regime, an ion bunch with a narrow energy range exhibits a thin shell shape with a certain diameter. The ion cloud has a layered structure of these ion bunches with different energies. The divergences of the ion bunch in the laser inclination direction and perpendicular to it are different in an oblique incidence laser. This indicates that the smaller the spot diameter of the laser pulse, the larger the divergence of the ion beam. In addition, theoretical formulas for the radius of the generated ion beam and the energy spectrum are derived, and they are shown to be in good agreement with the simulation results.