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Bilinear tau forms of quantum Painlevé equations and $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_2$ blowup relations in SUSY gauge theories

We derive bilinear tau forms of the canonically quantized Painlevé equations, thereby relating them to those previously obtained from the $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_2$ blowup relations for the $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric gauge theory partition functions on a general $Ω$-background. We fully fix the refined Painlevé/gauge theory dictionary by formulating the proper equations for the quantum nonautonomous Painlevé Hamiltonians. We also describe the symmetry structure of the quantum Painlevé tau functions and, as a byproduct of this analysis, obtain the $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_2$ blowup relations in the nontrivial holonomy sector of the gauge theory.