Anisotropic flow in transport+hydrodynamics hybrid approaches

This contribution to the focus issue covers anisotropic flow in hybrid approaches. The historical development of hybrid approaches and their impact on the interpretation of flow measurements is reviewed. The major ingredients of a hybrid approach and the transition criteria between transport and hydrodynamics are discussed. The results for anisotropic flow in (event-by-event) hybrid approaches are presented. Some hybrid approaches rely on hadronic transport for the late stages for the reaction (so called afterburner) and others employ transport approaches for the early non equilibrium evolution. In addition, there are 'full' hybrid calculations where a fluid evolution is dynamically embedded in a transport simulation. After demonstrating the success of hybrid approaches at high RHIC and LHC energies, existing hybrid caluclations for collective flow observables at lower beam energies are discussed and remaining challenges outlined.

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