Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans

preprint2014arXivOpen access
Iosif LazaridisNick PattersonAlissa MittnikGabriel RenaudSwapan MallickKarola KirsanowPeter H. SudmantJoshua G. SchraiberSergi CastellanoMark LipsonBonnie BergerChristos EconomouRuth BollonginoQiaomei FuKirsten I. BosSusanne NordenfeltHeng LiCesare de FilippoKay PrüferSusanna SawyerCosimo PosthWolfgang HaakFredrik HallgrenElin FornanderNadin RohlandDominique DelsateMichael FranckenJean-Michel GuinetJoachim WahlGeorge AyodoHamza A. BabikerGraciela BaillietElena BalanovskaOleg BalanovskyRamiro BarrantesGabriel BedoyaHaim Ben-AmiJudit BeneFouad BerradaClaudio M. BraviFrancesca BrisighelliGeorge BusbyFrancesco CaliMikhail ChurnosovDavid E. C. ColeDaniel CorachLarissa DambaGeorge van DriemStanislav DryomovJean-Michel DugoujonSardana A. FedorovaIrene Gallego RomeroMarina GubinaMichael HammerBrenna HennTor HervigUgur HodoglugilAashish R. JhaSena Karachanak-YankovaRita KhusainovaElza KhusnutdinovaRick KittlesToomas KivisildWilliam KlitzVaidutis KučinskasAlena KushniarevichLeila LaredjSergey LitvinovTheologos LoukidisRobert W. MahleyBéla MeleghEne MetspaluJulio MolinaJoanna MountainKlemetti NäkkäläjärviDesislava NeshevaThomas NyamboLudmila OsipovaJüri ParikFedor PlatonovOlga PosukhValentino RomanoFrancisco RothhammerIgor RudanRuslan RuizbakievHovhannes SahakyanAntti SajantilaAntonio SalasElena B. StarikovskayaAyele TarekegnDraga TonchevaShahlo TurdikulovaIngrida UktveryteOlga UtevskaRené VasquezMercedes VillenaMikhail VoevodaCheryl WinklerLevon YepiskoposyanPierre ZallouaTatijana ZemunikAlan CooperCristian CapelliMark G. ThomasAndres Ruiz-LinaresSarah A. TishkoffLalji SinghKumarasamy ThangarajRichard VillemsDavid ComasRem SukernikMait MetspaluMatthias MeyerEvan E. EichlerJoachim BurgerMontgomery SlatkinSvante PääboJanet KelsoDavid ReichJohannes Krause

Abstract

We sequenced genomes from a ∼\sim7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an ∼\sim8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven ∼\sim8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that EEF had ∼\sim44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.

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