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An extension of Arnold's second stability theorem in a multiply-connected domain

We give a sufficient condition for the nonlinear stability of steady flows of a two-dimensional ideal fluid in a bounded multiply-connected domain, which generalizes a stability criterion proved by Arnold in the 1960s. The most important ingredient of the proof is to establish a variational characterization for the steady flow under consideration, which is achieved based on the energy-Casimir method proposed by Arnold, and the supporting functional method introduced by Wolansky and Ghil. Nonlinear stability then follows from a compactness argument related to the variational characterization and proper use of conserved quantities of the two-dimensional Euler equations.