An equivariant Hochster's formula for $\mathfrak S_n$-invariant monomial ideals

Let $R=\Bbbk[x_1,\dots,x_n]$ be a polynomial ring over a field $\Bbbk$ and let $I\subset R$ be a monomial ideal preserved by the natural action of the symmetric group $\mathfrak S_n$ on $R$. We give a combinatorial method to determine the $\mathfrak S_n$-module structure of $\mathrm{Tor}_i(I,\Bbbk)$. Our formula shows that $\mathrm{Tor}_i(I,\Bbbk)$ is built from induced representations of tensor products of Specht modules associated to hook partitions, and their multiplicities are determined by topological Betti numbers of certain simplicial complexes. This result can be viewed as an $\mathfrak S_n$-equivariant analogue of Hochster's formula for Betti numbers of monomial ideals. We apply our results to determine extremal Betti numbers of $\mathfrak S_n$-invariant monomial ideals, and in particular recover formulas for their Castelnuovo--Mumford regularity and projective dimension. We also give a concrete recipe for how the Betti numbers change as we increase the number of variables, and in characteristic zero (or $>n$) we compute the $\mathfrak S_n$-invariant part of $\mathrm{Tor}_i(I,\Bbbk)$ in terms of $\mathrm{Tor}$ groups of the unsymmetrization of $I$.

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