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Alternative Dark Energy Models: An Overview

A large number of recent observational data strongly suggest that we live in a flat, accelerating Universe composed of $\sim$ 1/3 of matter (baryonic + dark) and $\sim$ 2/3 of an exotic component with large negative pressure, usually named {\bf Dark Energy} or {\bf Quintessence}. The basic set of experiments includes: observations from SNe Ia, CMB anisotropies, large scale structure, X-ray data from galaxy clusters, age estimates of globular clusters and old high redshift galaxies (OHRG's). Such results seem to provide the remaining piece of information connecting the inflationary flatness prediction ($Ω_{\rm{T}} = 1$) with astronomical observations. Theoretically, they have also stimulated the current interest for more general models containing an extra component describing this unknown dark energy, and simultaneously accounting for the present accelerating stage of the Universe. An overlook in the literature shows that at least five dark energy candidates have been proposed in the context of general relativistic models. Since the cosmological constant and rolling scalar field models have already been extensively discussed, in this short review we focus our attention to the three remaining candidates, namely: a decaying vacuum energy density (or ${\bf Λ(t)}$ {\bf models}), the {\bf X-matter}, and the so-called {\bf Chaplygin-type gas}. A summary of their main results is given and some difficulties underlying the emerging dark energy paradigm are also briefly examined.