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Almost Commutative Probability Theory

We solve two longstanding major problems in Free Probability. This is achieved by generalising the theory to one with values in arbitrary commutative algebras. We prove the existence of the multi-variable $S$-transform, and show that it is naturally realised as a faithful linear representation. Further, we prove that in dimension one, the analog of the classical relation between addition and multiplication of independent random variables holds for free random variables, if the co-domain is an algebra over the rationals. In this case the multiplicative problem can be reduced to the additive one, which is not true in dimensions greater than one. Finally, we classify the groups which arise as joint distributions of $n$-tuples of non-commutative random variables, endowed with the free convolution product, which is the binary operation that encodes the multiplication of free $n$-tuples.