Paper detail

A variational approach for the ground state profile of a trapped spinor-BEC: A detailed study of phase transition in spin-1 condensate at zero magnetic field

In this article we introduce a multi-modal variational method to analytically estimate the full number- and corresponding energy-density profile of a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) for a number of particles as low as 500 under harmonic confinement. To apply this method, we consider a system of spin-1 BEC under three-dimensional isotropic and effective one-dimensional harmonic confinement in the absence (negligible presence) of the magnetic field which has ground state candidates of comparable energy. It should be noted that in such circumstances kinetic energy contribution to the ground state cannot be neglected which puts the applicability of Thomas-Fermi approximation to question. For anti-ferromagnetic condensates, the T-F approximated energy difference between the competing stationary states (ground state and the first excited state) is approximately 0.3\%. As T-F approximation is only good for condensates with a large number of particles, T-F approximated predictions can completely go wrong especially for small condensates. This is where comes the role of a detailed analysis using our variational method, which incorporates the kinetic energy contribution and accurately estimates the number- and energy-density profile even for condensates having a small number of particles. Results of our analytical method are supported by numerical simulation. This variational method is general and can be extended to other similar/higher-dimensional problems to get results beyond the accuracy of the Thomas-Fermi approximation.