A search for optical AGN variability in 35,000 low-mass galaxies with the Palomar Transient Factory

We present an analysis of the long-term optical variability for $\sim50,000$ nearby (z<0.055) galaxies from the NASA-Sloan Atlas, $35,000$ of which are low-mass ($M_{\ast}<10^{10}~M_{\odot}$). We use difference imaging of Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) R-band observations to construct light curves with typical baselines of several years. We then search for subtle variations in the nuclear light output. We determine whether detected variability is AGN-like by assessing the fit quality to a damped random walk model. We identify 424 variability-selected AGN, including 244 with stellar masses between $10^{7}$ and $10^{10}~M_{\odot}$. 75% of low-mass galaxies with AGN-like variability have narrow emission lines dominated by star formation. After controlling for nucleus magnitude, the fraction of variable AGN is constant down to $M_{\ast}=10^{9}~M_{\odot}$, suggesting no drastic decline in the BH occupation fraction down to this stellar mass regime. Combining our NASA-Sloan Atlas sample with samples of nearby galaxies with broad H$α$ emission, we find no dependence of variability properties with black hole mass. However, we caution that the variable AGN fraction is strongly dependent on baseline. For baselines less than two years, the variable fraction for the full sample is 0.25%, compared to 1.0% for baselines longer than two years. Finally, comparing Stripe 82 light curves (Baldassare et al. 2018) to PTF light curves, we find populations of changing-look AGN: 8 galaxies that are variable in Stripe 82, but quiescent in PTF, and 15 galaxies where the reverse is true. Our PTF work demonstrates the promise of long-term optical variability searches in low-mass galaxies for finding AGNs missed by other selection techniques.

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