Paper detail

A high pressure, high temperature gas medium apparatus to measure acoustic velocities during deformation of rock

A new set-up to measure acoustic wave velocities through deforming rock samples at high pressures (up to 1000 MPa), temperatures (up to 700$^\circ$C) and differential stress (up to 1500 MPa) has been developed in a recently refurbished gas medium triaxial deformation apparatus. The conditions span a wide range of geological environments, and allow us to accurately measure differential stress and strains at conditions which are typically only accessible in solid medium apparatus. Calibrations of our newly constructed internal furnace up to 1000 MPa confining pressure and temperatures of up to 400$^\circ$C demonstrate that the hot zone is displaced downwards with increasing confining pressure, resulting in temperature gradients that are minimised by adequately adjusting the sample position. Ultrasonic velocity measurements are conducted in the direction of compression by the pulse-transmission method. Arrival times are corrected for delays resulting from the geometry of the sample assembly and high-precision relative measurements are obtained by cross-correlation. Delays for waves reflected at the interface between the loading piston and sample are nearly linearly dependent on differential applied load due to the load dependence of interface stiffness. Measurements of such delays can be used to infer sample load internally. We illustrate the working of the apparatus by conducting experiments on limestone at 200 MPa confining pressure and room temperature and 400$^\circ$C. Ultrasonic data clearly show that deformation is dominated by microcracking at low temperature and by intracrystalline plasticity at high temperature.