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A geometric reduction theory for indefinite binary quadratic forms over $\mathbb{Z}[λ]$

Gauss' classical reduction theory for indefinite binary quadratic forms over $\mathbb{Z}$ has originally been proven by means of purely algebraic and arithmetic considerations. It was later discovered that this reduction theory is closely related to a certain symbolic dynamics for the geodesic flow on the modular surface, and hence can also be deduced geometrically. In this article, we use certain symbolic dynamics for the geodesic flow on Hecke triangle surfaces (also the non-arithmetic ones) to develop reduction theories for the indefinite binary quadratic forms associated to Hecke triangle groups. Moreover, we propose an algorithm to decide for any $g\in {\rm PSL}_2(\mathbb{R})$ whether or not $g$ is contained in the Hecke triangle group under consideration, and provide an upper estimate for its run time.