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A doubly critical semilinear heat equation in the $L^1$ space

We study the existence and nonexistence of a Cauchy problem of the semilinear heat equation $\partial_tu=Δu+|u|^{p-1}u$ in $\mathbb{R}^N\times(0,T)$, $u(x,0)=ϕ(x)$ in $\mathbb{R}^N$, in $L^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. Here, $N \ge 1$, $p=1+2/N$ and $ϕ\in L^1( \mathbb{R}^N)$ is a possibly sign-changing initial function. Since $N(p-1)/2=1$, the $L^1$ space is scale critical and this problem is known as a doubly critical case. It is known that a solution does not necessarily exist for every $ϕ\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. Let $X_q:=\{ ϕ\in L^1_{\rm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^N)\ |\ \int_{\mathbb{R}^N}|ϕ| \left[\log (e+|ϕ|)\right]^qdx<\infty \} (\subset L^1(\mathbb{R}^N))$. In this paper we construct a local-in-time mild solution in $L^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ for $ϕ\in X_q$ if $q\ge N/2$. We show that, for each $0\le q<N/2$, there is a nonnegative initial function $ϕ_0\in X_q$ such that the problem has no nonnegative solution, using a necessary condition given by Baras-Pierre [Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 2 (1985), 185--212]. Since $X_q\subset X_{N/2}$ ($q\ge N/2$), $X_{N/2}$ becomes a sharp integrability condition. We also prove a uniqueness in a certain set of functions which guarantees the uniqueness of the solution constructed by our method.