A combinatorial interpretation of the $κ^{\star}_{g}(n)$ coefficients

Studying the virtual Euler characteristic of the moduli space of curves, Harer and Zagier compute the generating function $C_g(z)$ of unicellular maps of genus $g$. They furthermore identify coefficients, $κ^{\star}_{g}(n)$, which fully determine the series $C_g(z)$. The main result of this paper is a combinatorial interpretation of $κ^{\star}_{g}(n)$. We show that these enumerate a class of unicellular maps, which correspond $1$-to-$2^{2g}$ to a specific type of trees, referred to as O-trees. O-trees are a variant of the C-decorated trees introduced by Chapuy, Féray and Fusy. We exhaustively enumerate the number $s_{g}(n)$ of shapes of genus $g$ with $n$ edges, which is a specific class of unicellular maps with vertex degree at least three. Furthermore we give combinatorial proofs for expressing the generating functions $C_g(z)$ and $S_g(z)$ for unicellular maps and shapes in terms of $κ^{\star}_{g}(n)$, respectively. We then prove a two term recursion for $κ^{\star}_{g}(n)$ and that for any fixed $g$, the sequence $\{κ_{g,t}\}_{t=0}^g$ is log-concave, where $κ^{\star}_{g}(n)= κ_{g,t}$, for $n=2g+t-1$.

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