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Krisztian Balog

Krisztian Balog contributes to research discovery and scholarly infrastructure.

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Published work

16 published item(s)

preprint2026arXiv

A Standardized Re-evaluation of Conversational Recommender Systems on the ReDial Dataset

Recent years have seen a surge of research into conversational recommender systems (CRS). Among existing datasets, ReDial is the most widely used benchmark, cited in hundreds of studies. However, variations in how the dataset is preprocessed and used in experiments, particularly in the definition of ground-truth items, make it difficult to compare results across studies. These comparisons are further complicated by confounding factors such as the choice of the underlying large language model (LLM) and the use of external data sources. In this work, we revisit seven prominent CRS methods across three architectural families and evaluate them under standardized conditions. Our reproducibility study reveals a ``granularity gap,'' where fine-grained ranking (Recall@1) is highly sensitive to implementation details, while our replicability analysis shows that nearly 50% of reported accuracy stems from ``repetition shortcuts'' that are absent in novelty-focused evaluation. Furthermore, we find that performance gains are often driven more by the capacity of the LLM backbone than by specific architectural innovations. Finally, by applying user-centric utility metrics, we demonstrate that traditional recall frequently overstates a system's actual conversational effectiveness. This work establishes a transparent, controlled baseline and promotes evaluation practices that prioritize novelty and interaction efficiency.

preprint2026arXiv

Sim4IA-Bench: A User Simulation Benchmark Suite for Next Query and Utterance Prediction

Validating user simulation is a difficult task due to the lack of established measures and benchmarks, which makes it challenging to assess whether a simulator accurately reflects real user behavior. As part of the Sim4IA Micro-Shared Task at the Sim4IA Workshop, SIGIR 2025, we present Sim4IA-Bench, a simulation benchmark suit for the prediction of the next queries and utterances, the first of its kind in the IR community. Our dataset as part of the suite comprises 160 real-world search sessions from the CORE search engine. For 70 of these sessions, up to 62 simulator runs are available, divided into Task A and Task B, in which different approaches predicted users next search queries or utterances. Sim4IA-Bench provides a basis for evaluating and comparing user simulation approaches and for developing new measures of simulator validity. Although modest in size, the suite represents the first publicly available benchmark that links real search sessions with simulated next-query predictions. In addition to serving as a testbed for next query prediction, it also enables exploratory studies on query reformulation behavior, intent drift, and interaction-aware retrieval evaluation. We also introduce a new measure for evaluating next-query predictions in this task. By making the suite publicly available, we aim to promote reproducible research and stimulate further work on realistic and explainable user simulation for information access: https://github.com/irgroup/Sim4IA-Bench.

preprint2022arXiv

Analyzing and Simulating User Utterance Reformulation in Conversational Recommender Systems

User simulation has been a cost-effective technique for evaluating conversational recommender systems. However, building a human-like simulator is still an open challenge. In this work, we focus on how users reformulate their utterances when a conversational agent fails to understand them. First, we perform a user study, involving five conversational agents across different domains, to identify common reformulation types and their transition relationships. A common pattern that emerges is that persistent users would first try to rephrase, then simplify, before giving up. Next, to incorporate the observed reformulation behavior in a user simulator, we introduce the task of reformulation sequence generation: to generate a sequence of reformulated utterances with a given intent (rephrase or simplify). We develop methods by extending transformer models guided by the reformulation type and perform further filtering based on estimated reading difficulty. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using both automatic and human evaluation.

preprint2022arXiv

Diverse Reviewer Suggestion for Extending Conference Program Committees

Automated reviewer recommendation for scientific conferences currently relies on the assumption that the program committee has the necessary expertise to handle all submissions. However, topical discrepancies between received submissions and reviewer candidates might lead to unreliable reviews or overburdening of reviewers, and may result in the rejection of high-quality papers. In this work, we present DiveRS, an explainable flow-based reviewer assignment approach, which automatically generates reviewer assignments as well as suggestions for extending the current program committee with new reviewer candidates. Our algorithm focuses on the diversity of the set of reviewers assigned to papers, which has been mostly disregarded in prior work. Specifically, we consider diversity in terms of professional background, location and seniority. Using two real world conference datasets for evaluation, we show that DiveRS improves diversity compared to both real assignments and a state-of-the-art flow-based reviewer assignment approach. Further, based on human assessments by former PC chairs, we find that DiveRS can effectively trade off some of the topical suitability in order to construct more diverse reviewer assignments.

preprint2022arXiv

On Natural Language User Profiles for Transparent and Scrutable Recommendation

Natural interaction with recommendation and personalized search systems has received tremendous attention in recent years. We focus on the challenge of supporting people's understanding and control of these systems and explore a fundamentally new way of thinking about representation of knowledge in recommendation and personalization systems. Specifically, we argue that it may be both desirable and possible for algorithms that use natural language representations of users' preferences to be developed. We make the case that this could provide significantly greater transparency, as well as affordances for practical actionable interrogation of, and control over, recommendations. Moreover, we argue that such an approach, if successfully applied, may enable a major step towards systems that rely less on noisy implicit observations while increasing portability of knowledge of one's interests.

preprint2022arXiv

Would You Ask it that Way? Measuring and Improving Question Naturalness for Knowledge Graph Question Answering

Knowledge graph question answering (KGQA) facilitates information access by leveraging structured data without requiring formal query language expertise from the user. Instead, users can express their information needs by simply asking their questions in natural language (NL). Datasets used to train KGQA models that would provide such a service are expensive to construct, both in terms of expert and crowdsourced labor. Typically, crowdsourced labor is used to improve template-based pseudo-natural questions generated from formal queries. However, the resulting datasets often fall short of representing genuinely natural and fluent language. In the present work, we investigate ways to characterize and remedy these shortcomings. We create the IQN-KGQA test collection by sampling questions from existing KGQA datasets and evaluating them with regards to five different aspects of naturalness. Then, the questions are rewritten to improve their fluency. Finally, the performance of existing KGQA models is compared on the original and rewritten versions of the NL questions. We find that some KGQA systems fare worse when presented with more realistic formulations of NL questions. The IQN-KGQA test collection is a resource to help evaluate KGQA systems in a more realistic setting. The construction of this test collection also sheds light on the challenges of constructing large-scale KGQA datasets with genuinely NL questions.

preprint2020arXiv

Auto-completion for Data Cells in Relational Tables

We address the task of auto-completing data cells in relational tables. Such tables describe entities (in rows) with their attributes (in columns). We present the CellAutoComplete framework to tackle several novel aspects of this problem, including: (i) enabling a cell to have multiple, possibly conflicting values, (ii) supplementing the predicted values with supporting evidence, (iii) combining evidence from multiple sources, and (iv) handling the case where a cell should be left empty. Our framework makes use of a large table corpus and a knowledge base as data sources, and consists of preprocessing, candidate value finding, and value ranking components. Using a purpose-built test collection, we show that our approach is 40\% more effective than the best baseline.

preprint2020arXiv

Common Conversational Community Prototype: Scholarly Conversational Assistant

This paper discusses the potential for creating academic resources (tools, data, and evaluation approaches) to support research in conversational search, by focusing on realistic information needs and conversational interactions. Specifically, we propose to develop and operate a prototype conversational search system for scholarly activities. This Scholarly Conversational Assistant would serve as a useful tool, a means to create datasets, and a platform for running evaluation challenges by groups across the community. This article results from discussions of a working group at Dagstuhl Seminar 19461 on Conversational Search.

preprint2020arXiv

Evaluating Conversational Recommender Systems via User Simulation

Conversational information access is an emerging research area. Currently, human evaluation is used for end-to-end system evaluation, which is both very time and resource intensive at scale, and thus becomes a bottleneck of progress. As an alternative, we propose automated evaluation by means of simulating users. Our user simulator aims to generate responses that a real human would give by considering both individual preferences and the general flow of interaction with the system. We evaluate our simulation approach on an item recommendation task by comparing three existing conversational recommender systems. We show that preference modeling and task-specific interaction models both contribute to more realistic simulations, and can help achieve high correlation between automatic evaluation measures and manual human assessments.

preprint2020arXiv

Generating Categories for Sets of Entities

Category systems are central components of knowledge bases, as they provide a hierarchical grouping of semantically related concepts and entities. They are a unique and valuable resource that is utilized in a broad range of information access tasks. To aid knowledge editors in the manual process of expanding a category system, this paper presents a method of generating categories for sets of entities. First, we employ neural abstractive summarization models to generate candidate categories. Next, the location within the hierarchy is identified for each candidate. Finally, structure-, content-, and hierarchy-based features are used to rank candidates to identify by the most promising ones (measured in terms of specificity, hierarchy, and importance). We develop a test collection based on Wikipedia categories and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

preprint2020arXiv

IAI MovieBot: A Conversational Movie Recommender System

Conversational recommender systems support users in accomplishing recommendation-related goals via multi-turn conversations. To better model dynamically changing user preferences and provide the community with a reusable development framework, we introduce IAI MovieBot, a conversational recommender system for movies. It features a task-specific dialogue flow, a multi-modal chat interface, and an effective way to deal with dynamically changing user preferences. The system is made available open source and is operated as a channel on Telegram.

preprint2020arXiv

Novel Entity Discovery from Web Tables

When working with any sort of knowledge base (KB) one has to make sure it is as complete and also as up-to-date as possible. Both tasks are non-trivial as they require recall-oriented efforts to determine which entities and relationships are missing from the KB. As such they require a significant amount of labor. Tables on the Web, on the other hand, are abundant and have the distinct potential to assist with these tasks. In particular, we can leverage the content in such tables to discover new entities, properties, and relationships. Because web tables typically only contain raw textual content we first need to determine which cells refer to which known entities---a task we dub table-to-KB matching. This first task aims to infer table semantics by linking table cells and heading columns to elements of a KB. Then second task builds upon these linked entities and properties to not only identify novel ones in the same table but also to bootstrap their type and additional relationships. We refer to this process as novel entity discovery and, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first endeavor on mining the unlinked cells in web tables. Our method identifies not only out-of-KB (``novel'') information but also novel aliases for in-KB (``known'') entities. When evaluated using three purpose-built test collections, we find that our proposed approaches obtain a marked improvement in terms of precision over our baselines whilst keeping recall stable.

preprint2020arXiv

REL: An Entity Linker Standing on the Shoulders of Giants

Entity linking is a standard component in modern retrieval system that is often performed by third-party toolkits. Despite the plethora of open source options, it is difficult to find a single system that has a modular architecture where certain components may be replaced, does not depend on external sources, can easily be updated to newer Wikipedia versions, and, most important of all, has state-of-the-art performance. The REL system presented in this paper aims to fill that gap. Building on state-of-the-art neural components from natural language processing research, it is provided as a Python package as well as a web API. We also report on an experimental comparison against both well-established systems and the current state-of-the-art on standard entity linking benchmarks.

preprint2020arXiv

Sanitizing Synthetic Training Data Generation for Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs

Synthetic data generation is important to training and evaluating neural models for question answering over knowledge graphs. The quality of the data and the partitioning of the datasets into training, validation and test splits impact the performance of the models trained on this data. If the synthetic data generation depends on templates, as is the predominant approach for this task, there may be a leakage of information via a shared basis of templates across data splits if the partitioning is not performed hygienically. This paper investigates the extent of such information leakage across data splits, and the ability of trained models to generalize to test data when the leakage is controlled. We find that information leakage indeed occurs and that it affects performance. At the same time, the trained models do generalize to test data under the sanitized partitioning presented here. Importantly, these findings extend beyond the particular flavor of question answering task we studied and raise a series of difficult questions around template-based synthetic data generation that will necessitate additional research.

preprint2020arXiv

Summarizing and Exploring Tabular Data in Conversational Search

Tabular data provide answers to a significant portion of search queries. However, reciting an entire result table is impractical in conversational search systems. We propose to generate natural language summaries as answers to describe the complex information contained in a table. Through crowdsourcing experiments, we build a new conversation-oriented, open-domain table summarization dataset. It includes annotated table summaries, which not only answer questions but also help people explore other information in the table. We utilize this dataset to develop automatic table summarization systems as SOTA baselines. Based on the experimental results, we identify challenges and point out future research directions that this resource will support.

preprint2020arXiv

Web Table Extraction, Retrieval and Augmentation: A Survey

Tables are a powerful and popular tool for organizing and manipulating data. A vast number of tables can be found on the Web, which represents a valuable knowledge resource. The objective of this survey is to synthesize and present two decades of research on web tables. In particular, we organize existing literature into six main categories of information access tasks: table extraction, table interpretation, table search, question answering, knowledge base augmentation, and table augmentation. For each of these tasks, we identify and describe seminal approaches, present relevant resources, and point out interdependencies among the different tasks.