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Bin Chen

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preprint2026arXiv

GLM-5V-Turbo: Toward a Native Foundation Model for Multimodal Agents

We present GLM-5V-Turbo, a step toward native foundation models for multimodal agents. As foundation models are increasingly deployed in real environments, agentic capability depends not only on language reasoning, but also on the ability to perceive, interpret, and act over heterogeneous contexts such as images, videos, webpages, documents, GUIs. GLM-5V-Turbo is built around this objective: multimodal perception is integrated as a core component of reasoning, planning, tool use, and execution, rather than as an auxiliary interface to a language model. This report summarizes the main improvements behind GLM-5V-Turbo across model design, multimodal training, reinforcement learning, toolchain expansion, and integration with agent frameworks. These developments lead to strong performance in multimodal coding, visual tool use, and framework-based agentic tasks, while preserving competitive text-only coding capability. More importantly, our development process offers practical insights for building multimodal agents, highlighting the central role of multimodal perception, hierarchical optimization, and reliable end-to-end verification.

preprint2024arXiv

Autonomous Crowdsensing: Operating and Organizing Crowdsensing for Sensing Automation

The precise characterization and modeling of Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) requires more comprehensive and accurate data, which imposes heightened demands on intelligent sensing capabilities. To address this issue, Crowdsensing Intelligence (CSI) has been proposed to collect data from CPSS by harnessing the collective intelligence of a diverse workforce. Our first and second Distributed/Decentralized Hybrid Workshop on Crowdsensing Intelligence (DHW-CSI) have focused on principles and high-level processes of organizing and operating CSI, as well as the participants, methods, and stages involved in CSI. This letter reports the outcomes of the latest DHW-CSI, focusing on Autonomous Crowdsensing (ACS) enabled by a range of technologies such as decentralized autonomous organizations and operations, large language models, and human-oriented operating systems. Specifically, we explain what ACS is and explore its distinctive features in comparison to traditional crowdsensing. Moreover, we present the ``6A-goal" of ACS and propose potential avenues for future research.

preprint2024arXiv

GMMFormer: Gaussian-Mixture-Model Based Transformer for Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrieval

Given a text query, partially relevant video retrieval (PRVR) seeks to find untrimmed videos containing pertinent moments in a database. For PRVR, clip modeling is essential to capture the partial relationship between texts and videos. Current PRVR methods adopt scanning-based clip construction to achieve explicit clip modeling, which is information-redundant and requires a large storage overhead. To solve the efficiency problem of PRVR methods, this paper proposes GMMFormer, a Gaussian-Mixture-Model based Transformer which models clip representations implicitly. During frame interactions, we incorporate Gaussian-Mixture-Model constraints to focus each frame on its adjacent frames instead of the whole video. Then generated representations will contain multi-scale clip information, achieving implicit clip modeling. In addition, PRVR methods ignore semantic differences between text queries relevant to the same video, leading to a sparse embedding space. We propose a query diverse loss to distinguish these text queries, making the embedding space more intensive and contain more semantic information. Extensive experiments on three large-scale video datasets (i.e., TVR, ActivityNet Captions, and Charades-STA) demonstrate the superiority and efficiency of GMMFormer. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/huangmozhi9527/GMMFormer}.

preprint2023arXiv

FFCA-Net: Stereo Image Compression via Fast Cascade Alignment of Side Information

Multi-view compression technology, especially Stereo Image Compression (SIC), plays a crucial role in car-mounted cameras and 3D-related applications. Interestingly, the Distributed Source Coding (DSC) theory suggests that efficient data compression of correlated sources can be achieved through independent encoding and joint decoding. This motivates the rapidly developed deep-distributed SIC methods in recent years. However, these approaches neglect the unique characteristics of stereo-imaging tasks and incur high decoding latency. To address this limitation, we propose a Feature-based Fast Cascade Alignment network (FFCA-Net) to fully leverage the side information on the decoder. FFCA adopts a coarse-to-fine cascaded alignment approach. In the initial stage, FFCA utilizes a feature domain patch-matching module based on stereo priors. This module reduces redundancy in the search space of trivial matching methods and further mitigates the introduction of noise. In the subsequent stage, we utilize an hourglass-based sparse stereo refinement network to further align inter-image features with a reduced computational cost. Furthermore, we have devised a lightweight yet high-performance feature fusion network, called a Fast Feature Fusion network (FFF), to decode the aligned features. Experimental results on InStereo2K, KITTI, and Cityscapes datasets demonstrate the significant superiority of our approach over traditional and learning-based SIC methods. In particular, our approach achieves significant gains in terms of 3 to 10-fold faster decoding speed than other methods.

preprint2023arXiv

On almost-prime $k$-tuples

Let $τ$ denote the divisor function and $\mathcal{H}=\{h_{1},...,h_{k}\}$ be an admissible set. We prove that there are infinitely many $n$ for which the product $\prod_{i=1}^{k}(n+h_{i})$ is square-free and $\sum_{i=1}^{k}τ(n+h_{i})\leq \lfloor ρ_{k}\rfloor$, where $ρ_{k}$ is asymptotic to $\frac{2126}{2853} k^{2}$. It improves a previous result of M. Ram Murty and A. Vatwani, replacing $2126/2853$ by $3/4$. The main ingredients in our proof are the higher rank Selberg sieve and Irving-Wu-Xi estimate for the divisor function in arithmetic progressions to smooth moduli.

preprint2022arXiv

A model of double coronal hard X-ray sources in solar flares

A number of double coronal X-ray sources have been observed during solar flares by RHESSI, where the two sources reside at different sides of the inferred reconnection site. However, where and how are these X-ray-emitting electrons accelerated remains unclear. Here we present the first model of the double coronal hard X-ray (HXR) sources, where electrons are accelerated by a pair of termination shocks driven by bi-directional fast reconnection outflows. We model the acceleration and transport of electrons in the flare region by numerically solving the Parker transport equation using velocity and magnetic fields from the macroscopic magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a flux rope eruption. We show that electrons can be efficiently accelerated by the termination shocks and high-energy electrons mainly concentrate around the two shocks. The synthetic HXR emission images display two distinct sources extending to $>$100 keV below and above the reconnection region, with the upper source much fainter than the lower one. The HXR energy spectra of the two coronal sources show similar spectral slopes, consistent with the observations. Our simulation results suggest that the flare termination shock can be a promising particle acceleration mechanism in explaining the double-source nonthermal emissions in solar flares.

preprint2022arXiv

A portable atom gravimeter operating in noisy urban environments

The gravimeter based on atom interferometry has potentially wide applications on building the gravity networks, geophysics as well as gravity assisted navigation. Here, we demonstrate experimentally a portable atom gravimeter operating in the noisy urban environment. Despite the influence of noisy external vibrations, our portable atom gravimeter reaches a sensitivity as good as 65 uGal/\sqrt{Hz} and a resolution of 1.1 uGal after 4000 s integration time, being comparable to state-of-the-art atom gravimeters. Our achievement paves the way for bring the portable atom gravimeter to field applications, such as gravity survey on a moving platform.

preprint2022arXiv

Advancing Theory and Modeling Efforts in Heliophysics

Heliophysics theory and modeling build understanding from fundamental principles to motivate, interpret, and predict observations. Together with observational analysis, they constitute a comprehensive scientific program in heliophysics. As observations and data analysis become increasingly detailed, it is critical that theory and modeling develop more quantitative predictions and iterate with observations. Advanced theory and modeling can inspire and greatly improve the design of new instruments and increase their chance of success. In addition, in order to build physics-based space weather forecast models, it is important to keep developing and testing new theories, and maintaining constant communications with theory and modeling. Maintaining a sustainable effort in theory and modeling is critically important to heliophysics. We recommend that all funding agencies join forces and consider expanding current and creating new theory and modeling programs--especially, 1. NASA should restore the HTMS program to its original support level to meet the critical needs of heliophysics science; 2. a Strategic Research Model program needs to be created to support model development for next-generation basic research codes; 3. new programs must be created for addressing mission-critical theory and modeling needs; and 4. enhanced programs are urgently required for training the next generation of theorists and modelers.

preprint2022arXiv

Analytical SNR Prediction in Long-Haul Optical Transmission using General Dual-Polarization 4D Formats

Nonlinear interference models for dual-polarization 4D (DP-4D) modulation have only been used so far to predict signal-signal nonlinear interference. We show that including the signal-noise term in the prediction of the effective signal-to-noise ratio in long distance DP-4D transmission improves the accuracy by up to 0.2 dB.

preprint2022arXiv

Bounds and Constructions of Singleton-Optimal Locally Repairable Codes with Small Localities

Constructions of optimal locally repairable codes (LRCs) achieving Singleton-type bound have been exhaustively investigated in recent years. In this paper, we consider new bounds and constructions of Singleton-optimal LRCs with minmum distance $d=6$, locality $r=3$ and minimum distance $d=7$ and locality $r=2$, respectively. Firstly, we establish equivalent connections between the existence of these two families of LRCs and the existence of some subsets of lines in the projective space with certain properties. Then, we employ the line-point incidence matrix and Johnson bounds for constant weight codes to derive new improved bounds on the code length, which are tighter than known results. Finally, by using some techniques of finite field and finite geometry, we give some new constructions of Singleton-optimal LRCs, which have larger length than previous ones.

preprint2022arXiv

Content-aware Scalable Deep Compressed Sensing

To more efficiently address image compressed sensing (CS) problems, we present a novel content-aware scalable network dubbed CASNet which collectively achieves adaptive sampling rate allocation, fine granular scalability and high-quality reconstruction. We first adopt a data-driven saliency detector to evaluate the importances of different image regions and propose a saliency-based block ratio aggregation (BRA) strategy for sampling rate allocation. A unified learnable generating matrix is then developed to produce sampling matrix of any CS ratio with an ordered structure. Being equipped with the optimization-inspired recovery subnet guided by saliency information and a multi-block training scheme preventing blocking artifacts, CASNet jointly reconstructs the image blocks sampled at various sampling rates with one single model. To accelerate training convergence and improve network robustness, we propose an SVD-based initialization scheme and a random transformation enhancement (RTE) strategy, which are extensible without introducing extra parameters. All the CASNet components can be combined and learned end-to-end. We further provide a four-stage implementation for evaluation and practical deployments. Experiments demonstrate that CASNet outperforms other CS networks by a large margin, validating the collaboration and mutual supports among its components and strategies. Codes are available at https://github.com/Guaishou74851/CASNet.

preprint2022arXiv

Contrastive Quantization with Code Memory for Unsupervised Image Retrieval

The high efficiency in computation and storage makes hashing (including binary hashing and quantization) a common strategy in large-scale retrieval systems. To alleviate the reliance on expensive annotations, unsupervised deep hashing becomes an important research problem. This paper provides a novel solution to unsupervised deep quantization, namely Contrastive Quantization with Code Memory (MeCoQ). Different from existing reconstruction-based strategies, we learn unsupervised binary descriptors by contrastive learning, which can better capture discriminative visual semantics. Besides, we uncover that codeword diversity regularization is critical to prevent contrastive learning-based quantization from model degeneration. Moreover, we introduce a novel quantization code memory module that boosts contrastive learning with lower feature drift than conventional feature memories. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets show that MeCoQ outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Code and configurations are publicly available at https://github.com/gimpong/AAAI22-MeCoQ.

preprint2022arXiv

Cycle Self-Training for Semi-Supervised Object Detection with Distribution Consistency Reweighting

Recently, many semi-supervised object detection (SSOD) methods adopt teacher-student framework and have achieved state-of-the-art results. However, the teacher network is tightly coupled with the student network since the teacher is an exponential moving average (EMA) of the student, which causes a performance bottleneck. To address the coupling problem, we propose a Cycle Self-Training (CST) framework for SSOD, which consists of two teachers T1 and T2, two students S1 and S2. Based on these networks, a cycle self-training mechanism is built, i.e., S1${\rightarrow}$T1${\rightarrow}$S2${\rightarrow}$T2${\rightarrow}$S1. For S${\rightarrow}$T, we also utilize the EMA weights of the students to update the teachers. For T${\rightarrow}$S, instead of providing supervision for its own student S1(S2) directly, the teacher T1(T2) generates pseudo-labels for the student S2(S1), which looses the coupling effect. Moreover, owing to the property of EMA, the teacher is most likely to accumulate the biases from the student and make the mistakes irreversible. To mitigate the problem, we also propose a distribution consistency reweighting strategy, where pseudo-labels are reweighted based on distribution consistency across the teachers T1 and T2. With the strategy, the two students S2 and S1 can be trained robustly with noisy pseudo labels to avoid confirmation biases. Extensive experiments prove the superiority of CST by consistently improving the AP over the baseline and outperforming state-of-the-art methods by 2.1% absolute AP improvements with scarce labeled data.

preprint2022arXiv

Hybrid Contrastive Quantization for Efficient Cross-View Video Retrieval

With the recent boom of video-based social platforms (e.g., YouTube and TikTok), video retrieval using sentence queries has become an important demand and attracts increasing research attention. Despite the decent performance, existing text-video retrieval models in vision and language communities are impractical for large-scale Web search because they adopt brute-force search based on high-dimensional embeddings. To improve efficiency, Web search engines widely apply vector compression libraries (e.g., FAISS) to post-process the learned embeddings. Unfortunately, separate compression from feature encoding degrades the robustness of representations and incurs performance decay. To pursue a better balance between performance and efficiency, we propose the first quantized representation learning method for cross-view video retrieval, namely Hybrid Contrastive Quantization (HCQ). Specifically, HCQ learns both coarse-grained and fine-grained quantizations with transformers, which provide complementary understandings for texts and videos and preserve comprehensive semantic information. By performing Asymmetric-Quantized Contrastive Learning (AQ-CL) across views, HCQ aligns texts and videos at coarse-grained and multiple fine-grained levels. This hybrid-grained learning strategy serves as strong supervision on the cross-view video quantization model, where contrastive learning at different levels can be mutually promoted. Extensive experiments on three Web video benchmark datasets demonstrate that HCQ achieves competitive performance with state-of-the-art non-compressed retrieval methods while showing high efficiency in storage and computation. Code and configurations are available at https://github.com/gimpong/WWW22-HCQ.

preprint2022arXiv

Implications for additional plasma heating driving the extreme-ultraviolet late phase of a solar flare with microwave imaging spectroscopy

Extreme-ultraviolet late phase (ELP) refers to the second extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation enhancement observed in certain solar flares, which usually occurs tens of minutes to several hours after the peak of soft X-ray emission. The coronal loop system that hosts the ELP emission is often different from the main flaring arcade, and the enhanced EUV emission therein may imply an additional heating process. However, the origin of the ELP remains rather unclear. Here we present the analysis of a C1.4 flare that features such an ELP, which is also observed in microwave wavelengths by the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA). Similar to the case of the ELP, we find a gradual microwave enhancement that occurs about three minutes after the main impulsive phase microwave peaks. Radio sources coincide with both footpoints of the ELP loops and spectral fits on the time-varying microwave spectra demonstrate a clear deviation of the electron distribution from the Maxwellian case, which could result from injected nonthermal electrons or nonuniform heating to the footpoint plasma. We further point out that the delayed microwave enhancement suggests the presence of an additional heating process, which could be responsible for the evaporation of heated plasma that fills the ELP loops, producing the prolonged ELP emission.

preprint2022arXiv

Learning to Deblur using Light Field Generated and Real Defocus Images

Defocus deblurring is a challenging task due to the spatially varying nature of defocus blur. While deep learning approach shows great promise in solving image restoration problems, defocus deblurring demands accurate training data that consists of all-in-focus and defocus image pairs, which is difficult to collect. Naive two-shot capturing cannot achieve pixel-wise correspondence between the defocused and all-in-focus image pairs. Synthetic aperture of light fields is suggested to be a more reliable way to generate accurate image pairs. However, the defocus blur generated from light field data is different from that of the images captured with a traditional digital camera. In this paper, we propose a novel deep defocus deblurring network that leverages the strength and overcomes the shortcoming of light fields. We first train the network on a light field-generated dataset for its highly accurate image correspondence. Then, we fine-tune the network using feature loss on another dataset collected by the two-shot method to alleviate the differences between the defocus blur exists in the two domains. This strategy is proved to be highly effective and able to achieve the state-of-the-art performance both quantitatively and qualitatively on multiple test sets. Extensive ablation studies have been conducted to analyze the effect of each network module to the final performance.

preprint2022arXiv

MoCL: Data-driven Molecular Fingerprint via Knowledge-aware Contrastive Learning from Molecular Graph

Recent years have seen a rapid growth of utilizing graph neural networks (GNNs) in the biomedical domain for tackling drug-related problems. However, like any other deep architectures, GNNs are data hungry. While requiring labels in real world is often expensive, pretraining GNNs in an unsupervised manner has been actively explored. Among them, graph contrastive learning, by maximizing the mutual information between paired graph augmentations, has been shown to be effective on various downstream tasks. However, the current graph contrastive learning framework has two limitations. First, the augmentations are designed for general graphs and thus may not be suitable or powerful enough for certain domains. Second, the contrastive scheme only learns representations that are invariant to local perturbations and thus does not consider the global structure of the dataset, which may also be useful for downstream tasks. Therefore, in this paper, we study graph contrastive learning in the context of biomedical domain, where molecular graphs are present. We propose a novel framework called MoCL, which utilizes domain knowledge at both local- and global-level to assist representation learning. The local-level domain knowledge guides the augmentation process such that variation is introduced without changing graph semantics. The global-level knowledge encodes the similarity information between graphs in the entire dataset and helps to learn representations with richer semantics. The entire model is learned through a double contrast objective. We evaluate MoCL on various molecular datasets under both linear and semi-supervised settings and results show that MoCL achieves state-of-the-art performance.

preprint2022arXiv

Modeling Electron Acceleration and Transport in the Early Impulsive Phase of the 2017 September 10 Solar Flare

The X8.2-class limb flare on September 10, 2017 is among the best studied solar flare events owing to its great similarity to the standard flare model and the broad coverage by multiple spacecraft and ground-based observations. These multiwavelength observations indicate that electron acceleration and transport are efficient in the reconnection and flare looptop regions. However, there lacks a comprehensive model for explaining and interpreting the multi-faceted observations. In this work, we model the electron acceleration and transport in the early impulsive phase of this flare. We solve the Parker transport equation that includes the primary acceleration mechanism during magnetic reconnection in the large-scale flare region modeled by MHD simulations. We find that electrons are accelerated up to several MeV and fill a large volume of the reconnection region, similar to the observations shown in microwaves. The electron spatial distribution and spectral shape in the looptop region agree well with those derived from the microwave and hard X-ray emissions before magnetic islands grow large and dominate the acceleration. Future emission modelings using the electron maps will enable direct comparison with microwave and hard X-ray observations. These results shed new light on the electron acceleration and transport in a broad region of solar flares within a data-constrained realistic flare geometry.

preprint2022arXiv

Multi-Scale Architectures Matter: On the Adversarial Robustness of Flow-based Lossless Compression

As a probabilistic modeling technique, the flow-based model has demonstrated remarkable potential in the field of lossless compression \cite{idf,idf++,lbb,ivpf,iflow},. Compared with other deep generative models (eg. Autoregressive, VAEs) \cite{bitswap,hilloc,pixelcnn++,pixelsnail} that explicitly model the data distribution probabilities, flow-based models perform better due to their excellent probability density estimation and satisfactory inference speed. In flow-based models, multi-scale architecture provides a shortcut from the shallow layer to the output layer, which significantly reduces the computational complexity and avoid performance degradation when adding more layers. This is essential for constructing an advanced flow-based learnable bijective mapping. Furthermore, the lightweight requirement of the model design in practical compression tasks suggests that flows with multi-scale architecture achieve the best trade-off between coding complexity and compression efficiency.

preprint2022arXiv

Polarized Images of Synchrotron Radiations in Curved Spacetime

In this work, we derive two formulas encoding the polarization direction and luminosity of synchrotron radiations from the moving electrons in curved spacetime under the geometric optics approximation. As an application, we further study the polarized images of synchrotron radiations from electron sources in Schwarzschild black hole spacetime with a vertical and uniform magnetic field. In particular, by focusing on the circular orbits of electrons on the equatorial plane, we show the polarized images of the synchrotron radiations from these orbits for different observational angles and discuss the variations of the polarization directions concerning the angles.

preprint2022arXiv

Short-range Crystalline Order-Tuned Conductivity in Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ van der Waals Magnetic Crystals

Two-dimensional magnetic materials (2DMM) are significant for studies on the nature of 2D long range magnetic order but also for future spintronic devices. Of particular interest are 2DMM where spins can be manipulated by electrical conduction. Whereas Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ exhibits magnetic order in few-layer crystals, its large band gap inhibits electronic conduction. Here we show that the defect-induced short-range crystal order in Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ on the length scale below 0.6 nm induces substantially reduced band gap and robust semiconducting behavior down to 2 K that turns to metallic above 10 GPa. Our results will be helpful to design conducting state in 2DMM and call for spin-resolved measurement of the electronic structure in exfoliated ultrathin crystals.

preprint2022arXiv

Some Results on the Improved Bound and Construction of Optimal $(r,δ)$ LRCs

Locally repairable codes (LRCs) with $(r,δ)$ locality were introduced by Prakash \emph{et al.} into distributed storage systems (DSSs) due to their benefit of locally repairing at least $δ-1$ erasures via other $r$ survival nodes among the same local group. An LRC achieving the $(r,δ)$ Singleton-type bound is called an optimal $(r,δ)$ LRC. Constructions of optimal $(r,δ)$ LRCs with longer code length and determining the maximal code length have been an important research direction in coding theory in recent years. In this paper, we conduct further research on the improvement of maximum code length of optimal $(r,δ)$ LRCs. For $2δ+1\leq d\leq 2δ+2$, our upper bounds largely improve the ones by Cai \emph{et al.}, which are tight in some special cases. Moreover, we generalize the results of Chen \emph{et al.} and obtain a complete characterization of optimal $(r=2, δ)$-LRCs in the sense of geometrical existence in the finite projective plane $PG(2,q)$. Within this geometrical characterization, we construct a class of optimal $(r,δ)$ LRCs based on the sunflower structure. Both the construction and upper bounds are better than previous ones.

preprint2022arXiv

Subspace modeling for fast and high-sensitivity X-ray chemical imaging

Resolving morphological chemical phase transformations at the nanoscale is of vital importance to many scientific and industrial applications across various disciplines. The TXM-XANES imaging technique, by combining full field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), has been an emerging tool which operates by acquiring a series of microscopy images with multi-energy X-rays and fitting to obtain the chemical map. Its capability, however, is limited by the poor signal-to-noise ratios due to the system errors and low exposure illuminations for fast acquisition. In this work, by exploiting the intrinsic properties and subspace modeling of the TXM-XANES imaging data, we introduce a simple and robust denoising approach to improve the image quality, which enables fast and high-sensitivity chemical imaging. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method.

preprint2022arXiv

Superconductivity in the nodal-line compound La$_3$Pt$_3$Bi$_4$

Owing to the specific topological states in nodal-line semimetals, novel topological superconductivity is expected to emerge in these systems. In this letter, by combination of the first-principles calculations and resistivity, susceptibility and specific heat measurements, we demonstrate that La$_3$Pt$_3$Bi$_4$ is a topologically nontrivial nodal-ring semimetal protected by the gliding-mirror symmetry even in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. Meanwhile, we discover bulk superconductivity with a transition temperature of $\sim$1.1 K, and an upper critical field of $\sim$0.41 T. These findings demonstrate that La$_3$Pt$_3$Bi$_4$ provides a material platform for studying novel superconductivity in the nodal-ring system.

preprint2022arXiv

The Lp Minkowski problem for q-torsional rigidity

In this paper, we introduce the so-called $L_p$ $q$-torsional measure for $p\in\mathbb{R}$ and $q>1$ by establishing the $L_p$ variational formula for the $q$-torsional rigidity of convex bodies without smoothness conditions. Moreover, we achieve the existence of solutions to the $L_p$ Minkowski problem $w.r.t.$ the $q$-torsional rigidity for discrete measure and general measure when $0<p<1$ and $q>1$.

preprint2022arXiv

Universal topological quantum computation with strongly correlated Majorana edge modes

Majorana-based quantum gates are not complete for performing universal topological quantum computation while Fibonacci-based gates are difficult to be realized electronically and hardly coincide with the conventional quantum circuit models. In Ref. \cite{hukane}, it has been shown that a strongly correlated Majorana edge mode in a chiral topological superconductor can be decomposed into a Fibobacci anyon $τ$ and a thermal operator anyon $\varepsilon$ in the tricritical Ising model. The deconfinement of $τ$ and $\varepsilon$ via the interaction between the fermion modes yields the anyon {collisions} and gives the braiding of either $τ$ or $\varepsilon$. With these braidings, the complete members {of} a set of universal gates, the Pauli gates, the Hadamard gate and extra phase gates for 1-qubit as well as controlled-not gate for 2-qubits, are topologically assembled. Encoding quantum information and reading out the computation results can be carried out through electric signals. With the sparse-dense mixed encodings, we set up the quantum circuit {where the controlled-not gate turns out { to be} a probabilistic gate} and design the corresponding devices with thin films of the chiral topological superconductor. As an example of the universal topological quantum computing, we show the application to Shor's integer factorization algorithm.

preprint2022arXiv

ViT-P: Rethinking Data-efficient Vision Transformers from Locality

Recent advances of Transformers have brought new trust to computer vision tasks. However, on small dataset, Transformers is hard to train and has lower performance than convolutional neural networks. We make vision transformers as data-efficient as convolutional neural networks by introducing multi-focal attention bias. Inspired by the attention distance in a well-trained ViT, we constrain the self-attention of ViT to have multi-scale localized receptive field. The size of receptive field is adaptable during training so that optimal configuration can be learned. We provide empirical evidence that proper constrain of receptive field can reduce the amount of training data for vision transformers. On Cifar100, our ViT-P Base model achieves the state-of-the-art accuracy (83.16%) trained from scratch. We also perform analysis on ImageNet to show our method does not lose accuracy on large data sets.

preprint2021arXiv

Coronal Magnetic Field Measurements along a Partially Erupting Filament in a Solar Flare

Magnetic flux ropes are the centerpiece of solar eruptions. Direct measurements for the magnetic field of flux ropes are crucial for understanding the triggering and energy release processes, yet they remain heretofore elusive. Here we report microwave imaging spectroscopy observations of an M1.4-class solar flare that occurred on 2017 September 6, using data obtained by the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array. This flare event is associated with a partial eruption of a twisted filament observed in Hα by the Goode Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray signatures of the event are generally consistent with the standard scenario of eruptive flares, with the presence of double flare ribbons connected by a bright flare arcade. Intriguingly, this partial eruption event features a microwave counterpart, whose spatial and temporal evolution closely follow the filament seen in Hα and EUV. The spectral properties of the microwave source are consistent with nonthermal gyrosynchrotron radiation. Using spatially resolved microwave spectral analysis, we derive the magnetic field strength along the filament spine, which ranges from 600-1400 Gauss from its apex to the legs. The results agree well with the non-linear force-free magnetic model extrapolated from the pre-flare photospheric magnetogram. We conclude that the microwave counterpart of the erupting filament is likely due to flare-accelerated electrons injected into the filament-hosting magnetic flux rope cavity following the newly reconnected magnetic field lines.

preprint2021arXiv

Deformed Integrable Models from Holomorphic Chern-Simons Theory

We study the approaches to two-dimensional integrable field theories via a six-dimensional(6D) holomorphic Chern-Simons theory defined on twistor space. Under symmetry reduction, it reduces to a four-dimensional Chern-Simons theory, while under solving along fibres it leads to four-dimensional(4D) integrable theory, the anti-self-dual Yang-Mills or its generalizations. From both four-dimensional theories, various two-dimensional integrable field theories can be obtained. In this work, we try to investigate several two-dimensional integrable deformations in this framework. We find that the $λ$-deformation, the rational $η$-deformation and the generalized $λ$-deformation can not be realized from 4D integrable model approach, even though they could be obtained from 4D Chern-Simons theory. The obstacle stems from the incompatibility between the symmetry reduction and the boundary conditions. Nevertheless, we show that a coupled theory of $λ$-deformation and the $η$-deformation in the trigonometric description could be obtained from the 6D theory in both ways, by considering the case that $(3,0)$-form in the 6D theory is allowed to have zeros.

preprint2021arXiv

Energetic Electron Distribution of the Coronal Acceleration Region: First results from Joint Microwave and Hard X-ray Imaging Spectroscopy

Nonthermal sources located above bright flare arcades, referred to as the "above-the-loop-top" sources, have been often suggested as the primary electron acceleration site in major solar flares. The X8.2 limb flare on 2017 September 10 features such an above-the-loop-top source, which was observed in both microwaves and hard X-rays (HXRs) by the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) and the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), respectively. By combining the microwave and HXR imaging spectroscopy observations with multi-filter extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray imaging data, we derive the energetic electron distribution of this source over a broad energy range from $<$10 keV up to $\sim$MeV during the early impulsive phase of the flare. The best-fit electron distribution consists of a thermal "core" from $\sim$25 MK plasma. Meanwhile, a nonthermal power-law "tail" joins the thermal core at $\sim$16 keV with a spectral index of $\sim$3.6, which breaks down at above $\sim$160 keV to $>$6.0. In addition, temporally resolved analysis suggests that the electron distribution above the break energy rapidly hardens with the spectral index decreasing from $>$20 to $\sim$6.0 within 20 s, or less than $\sim$10 Alfvén crossing times in the source. These results provide strong support for the above-the-loop-top source as the primary site where an on-going bulk acceleration of energetic electrons is taking place very early in the flare energy release.

preprint2021arXiv

High spin expansion for null geodesics

We consider the high spin expansion for the null geodesics in the Kerr spacetime. We expand the null geodesic equation successively to higher orders in deviation from extremity. Via the method of matched asymptotic expansion, the radial integrals are obtained analytically. It turns out that the analytic expressions are very sensitive to the value of the shifted Carter constant $q$. We show that for a large $q$, the analytic expressions can be used to study observational electromagnetic signatures for astrophysical black holes like M87*. However, for a small $q$, the high spin expansion method can only be applied to (near-) extreme black holes.

preprint2021arXiv

Modeling of Nonlinear Interference Power for Dual-Polarization 4D Formats

We assess the accuracy of a recently introduced nonlinear interference model for general dual-polarization 4D formats.~ Unlike previous models for polarization-multiplexed 2D formats, an average gap from split-step Fourier simulations within 0.1 dB is demonstrated.

preprint2021arXiv

Shape-driven Coordinate Ordering for Star Glyph Sets via Reinforcement Learning

We present a neural optimization model trained with reinforcement learning to solve the coordinate ordering problem for sets of star glyphs. Given a set of star glyphs associated to multiple class labels, we propose to use shape context descriptors to measure the perceptual distance between pairs of glyphs, and use the derived silhouette coefficient to measure the perception of class separability within the entire set. To find the optimal coordinate order for the given set, we train a neural network using reinforcement learning to reward orderings with high silhouette coefficients. The network consists of an encoder and a decoder with an attention mechanism. The encoder employs a recurrent neural network (RNN) to encode input shape and class information, while the decoder together with the attention mechanism employs another RNN to output a sequence with the new coordinate order. In addition, we introduce a neural network to efficiently estimate the similarity between shape context descriptors, which allows to speed up the computation of silhouette coefficients and thus the training of the axis ordering network. Two user studies demonstrate that the orders provided by our method are preferred by users for perceiving class separation. We tested our model on different settings to show its robustness and generalization abilities and demonstrate that it allows to order input sets with unseen data size, data dimension, or number of classes. We also demonstrate that our model can be adapted to coordinate ordering of other types of plots such as RadViz by replacing the proposed shape-aware silhouette coefficient with the corresponding quality metric to guide network training.

preprint2021arXiv

The Origin of Underdense Plasma Downflows Associated with Magnetic Reconnection in Solar Flares

Magnetic reconnection is a universal process that powers explosive energy release events such as solar flares, geomagnetic substorms, and some astrophysical jets. A characteristic feature of magnetic reconnection is the production of fast reconnection outflow jets near the plasma Alfvén speeds. In eruptive solar flares, dark, finger-shaped plasma downflows moving toward the flare arcade have been commonly regarded as the principal observational evidence for such reconnection-driven outflows. However, they often show a speed much slower than that expected in reconnection theories, challenging the reconnection-driven energy release scenario in standard flare models. Here, we present a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics model of solar flares. By comparing the model-predictions with the observed plasma downflow features, we conclude that these dark downflows are self-organized structures formed in a turbulent interface region below the flare termination shock where the outflows meet the flare arcade, a phenomenon analogous to the formation of similar structures in supernova remnants. This interface region hosts a myriad of turbulent flows, electron currents, and shocks, crucial for flare energy release and particle acceleration.

preprint2021arXiv

Topological reflected entropy in Chern-Simons theories

We study the reflected entropy between two spatial regions in $(2+1)$-dimensional Chern-Simons theories. Taking advantage of its replica trick formulation, the reflected entropy is computed using the edge theory approach and the surgery method. Both approaches yield identical results. In all cases considered in this paper, we find that the reflected entropy coincides with the mutual information, even though their Rényi versions differ in general. We also compute the odd entropy with the edge theory method. The reflected entropy and the odd entropy both possess a simple holographic dual interpretation in terms of entanglement wedge cross-section. We show that in $(2+1)$-dimensional Chern-Simons theories, both quantities are related in a similar manner as in two-dimensional holographic conformal field theories (CFTs), up to a classical Shannon piece.

preprint2020arXiv

A Survey of Computational Tools in Solar Physics

The SunPy Project developed a 13-question survey to understand the software and hardware usage of the solar physics community. 364 members of the solar physics community, across 35 countries, responded to our survey. We found that 99$\pm$0.5% of respondents use software in their research and 66% use the Python scientific software stack. Students are twice as likely as faculty, staff scientists, and researchers to use Python rather than Interactive Data Language (IDL). In this respect, the astrophysics and solar physics communities differ widely: 78% of solar physics faculty, staff scientists, and researchers in our sample uses IDL, compared with 44% of astrophysics faculty and scientists sampled by Momcheva and Tollerud (2015). 63$\pm$4% of respondents have not taken any computer-science courses at an undergraduate or graduate level. We also found that most respondents utilize consumer hardware to run software for solar-physics research. Although 82% of respondents work with data from space-based or ground-based missions, some of which (e.g. the Solar Dynamics Observatory and Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope) produce terabytes of data a day, 14% use a regional or national cluster, 5% use a commercial cloud provider, and 29% use exclusively a laptop or desktop. Finally, we found that 73$\pm$4% of respondents cite scientific software in their research, although only 42$\pm$3% do so routinely.

preprint2020arXiv

Accelerated electrons observed down to <7 keV in a NuSTAR solar microflare

We report the detection of emission from a non-thermal electron distribution in a small solar microflare (GOES class A5.7) observed by the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), with supporting observation by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). The flaring plasma is well accounted for by a thick-target model of accelerated electrons collisionally thermalizing within the loop, akin to the "coronal thick target" behavior occasionally observed in larger flares. This is the first positive detection of non-thermal hard X-rays from the Sun using a direct imager (as opposed to indirectly imaging instruments). The accelerated electron distribution has a spectral index of 6.3 +/- 0.7, extends down to at least 6.5 keV, and deposits energy at a rate of ~2x1027 erg/s, heating the flare loop to at least 10 MK. The existence of dominant non-thermal emission in X-rays down to <5 keV means that RHESSI emission is almost entirely non-thermal, contrary to what is usually assumed in RHESSI spectroscopy. The ratio of non-thermal to thermal energies is similar to that of large flares, in contrast to what has been found in previous studies of small RHESSI flares. We suggest that a coronal thick target may be a common property of many small microflares based on the average electron energy and collisional mean free path. Future observations of this kind will enable understanding of how flare particle acceleration changes across energy scales, and will aid the push toward the observational regime of nanoflares, which are a possible source of significant coronal heating.

preprint2020arXiv

Adversarial Attack on Deep Product Quantization Network for Image Retrieval

Deep product quantization network (DPQN) has recently received much attention in fast image retrieval tasks due to its efficiency of encoding high-dimensional visual features especially when dealing with large-scale datasets. Recent studies show that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to input with small and maliciously designed perturbations (a.k.a., adversarial examples). This phenomenon raises the concern of security issues for DPQN in the testing/deploying stage as well. However, little effort has been devoted to investigating how adversarial examples affect DPQN. To this end, we propose product quantization adversarial generation (PQ-AG), a simple yet effective method to generate adversarial examples for product quantization based retrieval systems. PQ-AG aims to generate imperceptible adversarial perturbations for query images to form adversarial queries, whose nearest neighbors from a targeted product quantizaiton model are not semantically related to those from the original queries. Extensive experiments show that our PQ-AQ successfully creates adversarial examples to mislead targeted product quantization retrieval models. Besides, we found that our PQ-AG significantly degrades retrieval performance in both white-box and black-box settings.

preprint2020arXiv

Circuit complexity for generalised coherent states in thermal field dynamics

In this work, we study the circuit complexity for generalized coherent states in thermal systems by adopting the covariance matrix approach. We focus on the coherent thermal (CT) state, which is non-Gaussian and has a nonvanishing one-point function. We find that even though the CT state cannot be fully determined by the symmetric two-point function, the circuit complexity can still be computed in the framework of the covariance matrix formalism by properly enlarging the covariance matrix. Now the group generated by the unitary is the semiproduct of translation and the symplectic group. If the reference state is Gaussian, the optimal geodesic is still be generated by a horizontal generator such that the circuit complexity can be read from the generalized covariance matrix associated to the target state by taking the cost function to be $F_2$. For a single harmonic oscillator, we discuss carefully the complexity and its formation in the cases that the reference states are Gaussian and the target space is excited by a single mode or double modes. We show that the study can be extended to the free scalar field theory.

preprint2020arXiv

COVID-19 causes record decline in global CO2 emissions

The considerable cessation of human activities during the COVID-19 pandemic has affected global energy use and CO2 emissions. Here we show the unprecedented decrease in global fossil CO2 emissions from January to April 2020 was of 7.8% (938 Mt CO2 with a +6.8% of 2-σ uncertainty) when compared with the period last year. In addition other emerging estimates of COVID impacts based on monthly energy supply or estimated parameters, this study contributes to another step that constructed the near-real-time daily CO2 emission inventories based on activity from power generation (for 29 countries), industry (for 73 countries), road transportation (for 406 cities), aviation and maritime transportation and commercial and residential sectors emissions (for 206 countries). The estimates distinguished the decline of CO2 due to COVID-19 from the daily, weekly and seasonal variations as well as the holiday events. The COVID-related decreases in CO2 emissions in road transportation (340.4 Mt CO2, -15.5%), power (292.5 Mt CO2, -6.4% compared to 2019), industry (136.2 Mt CO2, -4.4%), aviation (92.8 Mt CO2, -28.9%), residential (43.4 Mt CO2, -2.7%), and international shipping (35.9Mt CO2, -15%). Regionally, decreases in China were the largest and earliest (234.5 Mt CO2,-6.9%), followed by Europe (EU-27 & UK) (138.3 Mt CO2, -12.0%) and the U.S. (162.4 Mt CO2, -9.5%). The declines of CO2 are consistent with regional nitrogen oxides concentrations observed by satellites and ground-based networks, but the calculated signal of emissions decreases (about 1Gt CO2) will have little impacts (less than 0.13ppm by April 30, 2020) on the overserved global CO2 concertation. However, with observed fast CO2 recovery in China and partial re-opening globally, our findings suggest the longer-term effects on CO2 emissions are unknown and should be carefully monitored using multiple measures.

preprint2020arXiv

Dynamical modulation of solar flare electron acceleration due to plasmoid-shock interactions in the looptop region

A fast-mode shock can form in the front of reconnection outflows and has been suggested as a promising site for particle acceleration in solar flares. Recent development of magnetic reconnection has shown that numerous plasmoids can be produced in a large-scale current layer. Here we investigate the dynamical modulation of electron acceleration in the looptop region when plasmoids intermittently arrive at the shock by combining magnetohydrodynamics simulations with a particle kinetic model. As plasmoids interact with the shock, the looptop region exhibits various compressible structures that modulate the production of energetic electrons. The energetic electron population varies rapidly in both time and space. The number of 5$-$10 keV electrons correlates well with the area with compression, while that of $>$50 keV electrons shows good correlation with strong compression area but only moderate correlation with shock parameters. We further examine the impacts of the first plasmoid, which marks the transition from a quasi-steady shock front to a distorted and dynamical shock. The number of energetic electrons is reduced by $\sim 20\%$ at 15$-$25 keV and nearly 40\% for 25$-$50 keV, while the number of 5$-$10 keV electrons increases. In addition, the electron energy spectrum above 10 keV evolves softer with time. We also find double or even multiple distinct sources can develop in the looptop region when the plasmoids move across the shock. Our simulations have strong implications to the interpretation of nonthermal looptop sources, as well as the commonly observed fast temporal variations in flare emissions, including the quasi-periodic pulsations.

preprint2020arXiv

Evolution of Flare-accelerated Electrons Quantified by Spatially Resolved Analysis

Nonthermal electrons accelerated in solar flares produce electromagnetic emission in two distinct, highly complementary domains - hard X-rays (HXRs) and microwaves (MWs). This paper reports MW imaging spectroscopy observations from the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array of an M1.2 flare that occurred on 2017 September 9, from which we deduce evolving coronal parameter maps. We analyze these data jointly with the complementary Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager HXR data to reveal the spatially-resolved evolution of the nonthermal electrons in the flaring volume. We find that the high-energy portion of the nonthermal electron distribution, responsible for the MW emission, displays a much more prominent evolution (in the form of strong spectral hardening) than the low-energy portion, responsible for the HXR emission. We show that the revealed trends are consistent with a single electron population evolving according to a simplified trap-plus-precipitation model with sustained injection/acceleration of nonthermal electrons, which produces a double-powerlaw with steadily increasing break energy.

preprint2020arXiv

Hot Plasma Flows and Oscillations in the Loop-top Region During the September 10 2017 X8.2 Solar Flare

In this study, we investigate motions in the hot plasma above the flare loops during the 2017 September 10 X8.2 flare event. We examine the region to the south of the main flare arcade, where there is data from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), and the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. We find that there are initial blue shifts of 20--60 km/s observed in this region in the Fe XXI line in IRIS and the Fe XXIV line in EIS, and that the locations of these blue shifts move southward along the arcade over the course of about 10 min. The cadence of IRIS allows us to follow the evolution of these flows, and we find that at each location where there is an initial blue shift in the Fe XXIV line, there are damped oscillations in the Doppler velocity with periods of ~400 s. We conclude that these periods are independent of loop length, ruling out magnetoacoustic standing modes as a possible mechanism. Microwave observations from the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) indicate that there are non-thermal emissions in the region where the Doppler shifts are observed, indicating that accelerated particles are present. We suggest that the flows and oscillations are due to motions of the magnetic field that are caused by reconnection outflows disturbing the loop-top region.

preprint2020arXiv

Imaging Spectroscopy of CME-Associated Solar Radio Bursts

We present first results of a solar radio event observed with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Long Wavelength Array (OVRO-LWA) at metric wavelengths. We examine a complex event consisting of multiple radio sources/bursts associated with a fast coronal mass ejection (CME) and an M2.1 GOES soft X-ray flare from 2015 September 20. Images of 9--s cadence are used to analyze the event over a 120-minute period, and solar emission is observed out to a distance of $\approx3.5\,R_\odot$, with an instantaneous bandwidth covering 22~MHz within the frequency range of 40--70~MHz. We present our results from the investigation of the radio event, focusing particularly on one burst source that exhibits outward motion, which we classify as a moving type IV burst. We image the event at multiple frequencies and use the source centroids to obtain the velocity for the outward motion. Spatial and temporal comparison with observations of the CME in white light from the LASCO(C2) coronagraph, indicates an association of the outward motion with the core of the CME. By performing graduated-cylindrical-shell (GCS) reconstruction of the CME, we constrain the density in the volume. The electron plasma frequency obtained from the density estimates do not allow us to completely dismiss plasma emission as the underlying mechanism. However, based on source height and smoothness of the emission in frequency and time, we argue that gyrosynchrotron is the more plausible mechanism. We use gyrosynchrotron spectral fitting techniques to estimate the evolving physical conditions during the outward motion of this burst source.

preprint2020arXiv

Loop Operators in Three-Dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ Fishnet Theories

In this work, we study the line and loop operators in three-dimensional ${\mathcal N}=2$ fishnet theories in detail. We construct the straight line and circular loop operators which are at least classically half-BPS. We develop a new regularization scheme at frame $-1$ which is suitable for the study of the fermionic BPS loops in general super-Chern-Simons-matter theories. We initialize the perturbative computation for the vacuum expectation values of the circular BPS loop operators based on this scheme. We construct the cusped line operators as well, and compute the vacuum expectation values of these cusped line operators up to two-loop order. We find that the universal cusp anomalous dimension vanishes, if we put aside the fact that the generalized potential has a double pole in the $1/ε$ expansion.

preprint2020arXiv

Machine Learning in Heliophysics and Space Weather Forecasting: A White Paper of Findings and Recommendations

The authors of this white paper met on 16-17 January 2020 at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, for a 2-day workshop that brought together a group of heliophysicists, data providers, expert modelers, and computer/data scientists. Their objective was to discuss critical developments and prospects of the application of machine and/or deep learning techniques for data analysis, modeling and forecasting in Heliophysics, and to shape a strategy for further developments in the field. The workshop combined a set of plenary sessions featuring invited introductory talks interleaved with a set of open discussion sessions. The outcome of the discussion is encapsulated in this white paper that also features a top-level list of recommendations agreed by participants.

preprint2020arXiv

Magnetic Reconnection During the Post-Impulsive Phase of a Long-Duration Solar Flare: Bi-Directional Outflows as a Cause of Microwave and X-ray Bursts

Magnetic reconnection plays a crucial role in powering solar flares, production of energetic particles, and plasma heating. However, where the magnetic reconnections occur, how and where the released magnetic energy is transported, and how it is converted to other forms remain unclear. Here we report recurring bi-directional plasma outflows located within a large-scale plasma sheet observed in extreme ultraviolet emission and scattered white light during the post-impulsive gradual phase of the X8.2 solar flare on 2017 September 10. Each of the bi-directional outflows originates in the plasma sheet from a discrete site, identified as a magnetic reconnection site. These reconnection sites reside at very low altitudes ($< 180$ Mm, or 0.26 $R_{\odot}$) above the top of the flare arcade, a distance only $<3\%$ of the total length of a plasma sheet that extends to at least 10 $R_{\odot}$. Each arrival of sunward outflows at the looptop region appears to coincide with an impulsive microwave and X-ray burst dominated by a hot source (10-20 MK) at the looptop, which is immediately followed by a nonthermal microwave burst located in the loopleg region. We propose that the reconnection outflows transport the magnetic energy released at localized magnetic reconnection sites outward in the form of kinetic energy flux and/or electromagnetic Poynting flux. The sunward-directed energy flux induces particle acceleration and plasma heating in the post-flare arcades, observed as the hot and nonthermal flare emissions.

preprint2020arXiv

Measurement of magnetic field and relativistic electrons along a solar flare current sheet

In the standard model of solar flares, a large-scale reconnection current sheet is postulated as the central engine for powering the flare energy release and accelerating particles. However, where and how the energy release and particle acceleration occur remain unclear due to the lack of measurements for the magnetic properties of the current sheet. Here we report the measurement of spatially-resolved magnetic field and flare-accelerated relativistic electrons along a current-sheet feature in a solar flare. The measured magnetic field profile shows a local maximum where the reconnecting field lines of opposite polarities closely approach each other, known as the reconnection X point. The measurements also reveal a local minimum near the bottom of the current sheet above the flare loop-top, referred to as a "magnetic bottle". This spatial structure agrees with theoretical predictions and numerical modeling results. A strong reconnection electric field of ~4000 V/m is inferred near the X point. This location, however, shows a local depletion of microwave-emitting relativistic electrons. These electrons concentrate instead at or near the magnetic bottle structure, where more than 99% of them reside at each instant. Our observations suggest that the loop-top magnetic bottle is likely the primary site for accelerating and/or confining the relativistic electrons.

preprint2020arXiv

Mercury-related health benefits from retrofitting coal-fired power plants in China

China has implemented retrofitting measures in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) to reduce air pollution through small unit shutdown (SUS), the installation of air pollution control devices (APCDs) and power generation efficiency (PGE) improvement. The reductions in highly toxic Hg emissions and their related health impacts by these measures have not been well studied. To refine mitigation options, we evaluated the health benefits of reduced Hg emissions via retrofitting measures during China's 12th Five-Year Plan by combining plant-level Hg emission inventories with the China Hg Risk Source-Tracking Model. We found that the measures reduced Hg emissions by 23.5 tons (approximately 1/5 of that from CFPPs in 2010), preventing 0.0021 points of per-foetus intelligence quotient (IQ) decrements and 114 deaths from fatal heart attacks. These benefits were dominated by CFPP shutdowns and APCD installations. Provincial health benefits were largely attributable to Hg reductions in other regions. We also demonstrated the necessity of considering human health impacts, rather than just Hg emission reductions, in selecting Hg control devices. This study also suggests that Hg control strategies should consider various factors, such as CFPP locations, population densities and trade-offs between reductions of total Hg (THg) and Hg2+.

preprint2020arXiv

Metamagnetic transitions and anomalous magnetoresistance in EuAg$_4$As$_2$ single crystal

In this paper, the magnetic and transport properties were systematically studied for EuAg$_4$As$_2$ single crystals, crystallizing in a centrosymmetric trigonal CaCu$_4$P$_2$ type structure. It was confirmed that two magnetic transitions occur at $\textit{T}$$_{N1}$ = 10 K and $\textit{T}$$_{N2}$ = 15 K, respectively. With the increasing field, the two transitions are noticeably driven to lower temperature. At low temperatures, applying a magnetic field in the $\textit{ab}$ plane induces two successive metamagnetic transitions. For both $\textit{H}$ $\parallel$ $\textit{ab}$ and $\textit{H}$ $\parallel$ $\textit{c}$, EuAg$_4$As$_2$ shows a positive, unexpected large magnetoresistance (up to 202\%) at low fields below 10 K, and a large negative magnetoresistance (up to -78\%) at high fields/intermediate temperatures. Such anomalous field dependence of magnetoresistance may have potential application in the future magnetic sensors. Finally, the magnetic phase diagrams of EuAg$_{4}$As$_{2}$ were constructed for both $\textit{H}$ $\parallel$ $\textit{ab}$ and $\textit{H}$ $\parallel$ $\textit{c}$.

preprint2020arXiv

Microwave Spectral Imaging of an Erupting Magnetic Flux Rope: Implications for the Standard Solar Flare Model in Three Dimensions

We report microwave spectral imaging observations of an erupting magnetic flux rope during the early impulsive phase of the X8.2-class limb flare on 2017 September 10, obtained by the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array. A few days prior to the eruption, when viewed against the disk, the flux rope appeared as a reverse S-shaped dark filament along the magnetic polarity inversion line. During the eruption, the rope exhibited a "hot channel" structure in extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray passbands sensitive to ~10 MK plasma. The central portion of the flux rope was nearly aligned with the line of sight, which quickly developed into a teardrop-shaped dark cavity during the early phase of the eruption. A long and thin plasma sheet formed below the cavity, interpreted as the reconnection current sheet viewed edge-on. A nonthermal microwave source was present at the location of the central current sheet, which extended upward encompassing the dark cavity. A pair of nonthermal microwave sources were observed for several minutes on both sides of the main flaring region. They shared a similar temporal behavior and spectral property to the central microwave source below the cavity, interpreted as the conjugate footpoints of the erupting flux rope. These observations are broadly consistent with the magnetic topology and the associated energy release scenario suggested in the three-dimensional standard model for eruptive solar flares. In particular, our detection of nonthermal emission at conjugate flux rope footpoints provides solid evidence of particle transport along an erupting magnetic flux rope.

preprint2020arXiv

On Modular Signs Of Half Integral Weights

In this paper, we consider the first negative eigenvalue of eigenforms of half-integral weight k + 1/2 and obtain an almost type bound.

preprint2020arXiv

Photon Emission Near Myers-Perry Black Holes in the Large Dimension Limit

We study the null geodesics extending from the near-horizon region out to the far region in the background of the Schwarzschild and the singly-spinning Myers-Perry black holes in the large dimension limit. We find that in this limit the radial integrals of these geodesics can be obtained by using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. If the motion of the photon is confined to the equator plane, then all geodesic equations are solvable analytically. The study in this paper may provide a toy model to analyze the observables relevant to the electromagnetic phenomena occurring near the black holes.

preprint2020arXiv

QED Effect on Black Hole Shadow

In this work, taking the QED effect into account, we investigate the shadows of the static black hole with magnetic monopoles and neutral black holes in magnetic fields through the numerical backward ray-tracing method. For a static black holes with magnetic monopole, we obtain the relation between the shadow radius and the coupling constant. For neutral black holes in the uniform magnetic fields, we find that the shadow curves deviate very small from the ellipses for equatorial observer, and we read the linear relation between the eccentricity and the coupling constant. For $θ_o\neqπ/2$, we find that the shadow curves can be well approximated by ellipses in most cases, except the case that the magnetic field is very strong and the observer sits around the angle $θ_o=π/4$ or $3π/4$. Moreover we extend our investigation to a neutral static black hole surrounded with a current loop.

preprint2020arXiv

Quantum chaos associated with emergent ergosurface in transition layer between type-I and type-II Weyl semimetals

We present emergent ergosurfaces (ES) in a transition layer between type-I and type-II Weyl semimetals (WSMs). The Hawking temperature defined by the surface gravity at the acoustic event horizon which coincides with the ES when the tangent velocity $v_{\parallel}$ is small is in a measurable interval. On the type-II WSM side, i.e., inside the {ES when $v_{\parallel}$ is large}, the motion of the quasiparticles may be chaotic {after} a critical surface as they are governed by an effective inverted oscillator potential induced by the mismatch between the type-I and type-II Weyl nodes. In a relevant lattice model, we calculate out of time ordered correlators (OTOCs). We find that the OTOCs are fast scrambling with a quantum Lyapunov exponent in high temperature and the scrambling is saturated after the Ehrenfest time. This confirms the quantum chaotic behavior.

preprint2020arXiv

Quantum Fisher information-based detection of genuine tripartite entanglement

Genuine multipartite entanglement plays important roles in quantum information processing. The detection of genuine multipartite entanglement has been long time a challenging problem in the theory of quantum entanglement. We propose a criterion for detecting genuine tripartite entanglement of arbitrary dimensional tripartite states based on quantum Fisher information. We show that this criterion is more effective for some states in detecting genuine tripartite entanglement by detailed example.

preprint2020arXiv

Shadow of a Spinning Black Hole in an Expanding Universe

We study the influence of the cosmic expansion on the size of the shadow of a spinning black hole observed by a comoving observer. We first consider that the expansion is driven by a cosmological constant only and build the connection between the Kerr-de Sitter metric and the FLRW metric. We clarify that the notion of a comoving observer is well defined in the spacetime of a spinning black hole only in the sense of being asymptotic. The angular size of the shadow for a comoving observer is calculated. Significantly we find that the angular size approaches a non-zero finite value for a distant comoving observer, while it vanishes for a distant static observer. Furthermore, by adopting the approximate method proposed in \cite{Bisnovatyi-Kogan:2018vxl} we extend the study to the general multi-component universe case. The results show that the difference between the horizontal and vertical angular size changes a lot, while their ratio, i.e. the oblateness, keeps unchanged when the supermassive spinning black hole is at a high redshift, due to the common amplification factor exerted by the cosmic expansion. In addition, when $a=0$, our results agree with the previous studies in \cite{Perlick:2018iye,Bisnovatyi-Kogan:2018vxl}.

preprint2020arXiv

TAP-Net: Transport-and-Pack using Reinforcement Learning

We introduce the transport-and-pack(TAP) problem, a frequently encountered instance of real-world packing, and develop a neural optimization solution based on reinforcement learning. Given an initial spatial configuration of boxes, we seek an efficient method to iteratively transport and pack the boxes compactly into a target container. Due to obstruction and accessibility constraints, our problem has to add a new search dimension, i.e., finding an optimal transport sequence, to the already immense search space for packing alone. Using a learning-based approach, a trained network can learn and encode solution patterns to guide the solution of new problem instances instead of executing an expensive online search. In our work, we represent the transport constraints using a precedence graph and train a neural network, coined TAP-Net, using reinforcement learning to reward efficient and stable packing. The network is built on an encoder-decoder architecture, where the encoder employs convolution layers to encode the box geometry and precedence graph and the decoder is a recurrent neural network (RNN) which inputs the current encoder output, as well as the current box packing state of the target container, and outputs the next box to pack, as well as its orientation. We train our network on randomly generated initial box configurations, without supervision, via policy gradients to learn optimal TAP policies to maximize packing efficiency and stability. We demonstrate the performance of TAP-Net on a variety of examples, evaluating the network through ablation studies and comparisons to baselines and alternative network designs. We also show that our network generalizes well to larger problem instances, when trained on small-sized inputs.

preprint2020arXiv

Targeted Attack for Deep Hashing based Retrieval

The deep hashing based retrieval method is widely adopted in large-scale image and video retrieval. However, there is little investigation on its security. In this paper, we propose a novel method, dubbed deep hashing targeted attack (DHTA), to study the targeted attack on such retrieval. Specifically, we first formulate the targeted attack as a point-to-set optimization, which minimizes the average distance between the hash code of an adversarial example and those of a set of objects with the target label. Then we design a novel component-voting scheme to obtain an anchor code as the representative of the set of hash codes of objects with the target label, whose optimality guarantee is also theoretically derived. To balance the performance and perceptibility, we propose to minimize the Hamming distance between the hash code of the adversarial example and the anchor code under the $\ell^\infty$ restriction on the perturbation. Extensive experiments verify that DHTA is effective in attacking both deep hashing based image retrieval and video retrieval.

preprint2020arXiv

Total variance and invariant information in complementary measurements

We investigate the total variance of a quantum state with respect to a complete set of mutually complementary measurements and its relation to the Brukner-Zeilinger invariant information. By summing the variances over any complete set of mutually unbiased measurements and general symmetric informationally complete measurements respectively, we show that the Brukner-Zeilinger invariant information associated with such types of quantum measurements is equal to the difference between the maximal variance and the total variance obtained. These results provide an operational link between the previous interpretations of the Brukner-Zeilinger invariant information.

preprint2020arXiv

Two-parameter Radial Equilibrium Models for Field-Reversed Configurations

A new equilibrium pressure profile extending the Rigid-Rotor (RR) model with a simple unified expression $P=P(ψ;β_{s},α, σ)$ for both inside and outside the separatrix is proposed, in which the radial normalized field-reversed configuration (FRC) equilibrium profiles for pressure, magnetic field, and current can be determined by only two dimensionless parameters $β_s\equiv P_s/2μ_0B_e^2$ and $δ_s\equiv L_{ps}/R_s$, where $P_s$ is the thermal pressure at the separatrix, $B_e$ is the external magnetic field strength, $L_{ps}$ is the pressure profile scale length at the separatrix, and $R_s$ is the separatrix radius. This modified rigid rotor (MRR) model has sufficient flexibility to accommodate the narrow scrape of layer (SOL) width and hollow current density profiles, and can be used to fit experimental measurements satisfactorily. Detailed one-dimensional (1D) characteristics of the new MRR model are investigated analytically and numerically, and the results are also confirmed in two-dimensional (2D) numerical equilibrium solutions.

preprint2019arXiv

11,700 km Transmission at 4.8 bit/4D-sym via Four-dimensional Geometrically-shaped Polarization-Ring-Switching Modulation

Using a novel geometrically-shaped four-dimensional modulation format, we transmitted 11x200 Gbit/s DWDM at 4.8 bit/4D-sym over 7,925 km and 11,700 km using EDFA-only and hybrid amplification, respectively. A reach increase of 16% is achieved over PM-8QAM.

preprint2019arXiv

2d Galilean Field Theories with Anisotropic Scaling

In this work, we study two-dimensional Galilean field theories with global translations and anisotropic scaling symmetries. We show that such theories have enhanced local symmetries, generated by the infinite dimensional spin-l Galilean algebra with possible central extensions, under the assumption that the dilation operator is diagonalizable and has a discrete and non-negative spectrum. We study the Newton-Cartan geometry with anisotropic scaling, on which the field theories could be defined in a covariant way. With the well-defined Newton-Cartan geometry we establish the state-operator correspondence in anisotropic GCFT, determine the two-point functions of primary operators, and discuss the modular properties of the torus partition function which allows us to derive Cardy-like formulae.

preprint2019arXiv

30% Reach Increase via Low-complexity Hybrid HD/SD FEC and Nonlinearity-tolerant 4D Modulation

Current optical coherent transponders technology is driving data rates towards 1 Tb/s/λand beyond. This trend requires both high-performance coded modulation schemes and efficient implementation of the forward-error-correction (FEC) decoder. A possible solution to this problem is combining advanced multidimensional modulation formats with low-complexity hybrid HD/SD FEC decoders. Following this rationale, in this paper we combine two recently introduced coded modulation techniques:the geometrically-shaped 4D-64 polarization ring-switched and the soft-aided bit-marking-scaled reliability decoder. This joint scheme enabled us to experimentally demonstrate the transmission of 11x218 Gbit/s channels over transatlantic distances at 5.2bit/4D-sym. Furthermore, a 30% reach increase is demonstrated over PM-8QAM and conventional HD-FEC decoding for product codes.

preprint2019arXiv

A Polarization-insensitive and High-speed Electro-optic Switch Based on a Hybrid Silicon and Lithium Niobate Platform

We propose and demonstrate a polarization-insensitive and high speed optical switch unit based on a silicon and lithium niobate hybrid integration platform. The presented device exhibits a sub nano-second switching time, low drive voltages of 4.97 V, and low power dissipation due to electrostatic operation. The measured polarization dependence loss was lower than 0.8 dB. The demonstrated optical switch could provide as a building block for polarization-insensitive and high-speed optical matrix switches.

preprint2019arXiv

Asymmetric $λ$-deformed cosets

We study the integrable asymmetric $λ$-deformations of the $SO(n+1)/SO(n)$ coset models, following the prescription proposed in \cite{AsyLambda}. We construct all corresponding deformed geometries in an inductive way. Remarkably we find a $Z_2$ transformation which maps the asymmetric $λ$--deformed models to the symmetric $λ$--deformed models.

preprint2019arXiv

Improved Decoding of Staircase Codes: The Soft-aided Bit-marking (SABM) Algorithm

Staircase codes (SCCs) are typically decoded using iterative bounded-distance decoding (BDD) and hard decisions. In this paper, a novel decoding algorithm is proposed, which partially uses soft information from the channel. The proposed algorithm is based on marking certain number of highly reliable and highly unreliable bits. These marked bits are used to improve the miscorrection-detection capability of the SCC decoder and the error-correcting capability of BDD. For SCCs with $2$-error-correcting Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem component codes, our algorithm improves upon standard SCC decoding by up to $0.30$~dB at a bit-error rate (BER) of $10^{-7}$. The proposed algorithm is shown to achieve almost half of the gain achievable by an idealized decoder with this structure. A complexity analysis based on the number of additional calls to the component BDD decoder shows that the relative complexity increase is only around $4\%$ at a BER of $10^{-4}$. This additional complexity is shown to decrease as the channel quality improves. Our algorithm is also extended (with minor modifications) to product codes. The simulation results show that in this case, the algorithm offers gains of up to $0.44$~dB at a BER of $10^{-8}$.

preprint2019arXiv

Improving HD-FEC decoding via bit marking

We review the recently introduced soft-aided bit-marking (SABM) algorithm and its suitability for product codes. Some aspects of the implementation of the SABM algorithm are discussed. The influence of suboptimal channel soft information is also analyzed.

preprint2019arXiv

Rényi Mutual Information in Holographic Warped CFTs

The study of Rényi mutual information (RMI) sheds light on the AdS/CFT correspondence beyond classical order. In this article, we study the Rényi mutual information between two intervals at large distance in two-dimensional holographic warped conformal field theory, which is conjectured to be dual to the gravity on AdS3 or warped AdS3 spacetime under the Dirichlet-Newman boundary conditions. By using the operator product expansion of twist operators up to level 3, we read the leading oder and the next-toleading order RMI in the large central charge and small cross-ratio limits. The leading order result is furthermore confirmed using the conformal block expansion. Finally, we match the next-to-leading result by a 1-loop calculation in the bulk.

preprint2019arXiv

Spin and Quadrupole Couplings for High Spin Equatorial Intermediate Mass-ratio Coalescences

Intermediate mass-ratio coalescences are potential signals of ground-based and space-based gravitational observatories. Accurate modeling of their waveforms within general relativity can be achieved within black hole perturbation theory including self-force and finite size effects. In this paper, we present analytic results to the Teukolsky perturbation of equatorial orbits in the near-horizon region of an extremely high spin black hole including spin coupling and finite size effects at leading order in the high spin limit while neglecting the self-force. We detail the critical behavior occuring close to the smallest specific angular momentum, and we discuss features of spin and quadrupole couplings.

preprint2019arXiv

Surface/State correspondence and $T\overline{T}$ deformation

The surface/state correspondence suggests that the bulk co-dimensional two surface could be dual to the quantum state in the holographic conformal field theory(CFT). Inspired by the cutoff-AdS/$T\overline{T}$-deformed-CFT correspondence, we propose that the quantum states of two-dimensional $T\overline{T}$-deformed holographic CFT are dual to some particular surfaces in the AdS$_3$ gravity. In particular, the time slice of the cut-off surface is dual to the ground state of the $T\overline{T}$-deformed CFT. We examine our proposal by studying the entanglement entropy and quantum information metric. We find that the complexity of the ground state in the deformed theory is consistent with the one of a particular cMERA and the holographic complexity via CV or CA prescription.

preprint2019arXiv

The Acceleration and Confinement of Energetic Electrons by a Termination Shock in a Magnetic Trap: An Explanation for Nonthermal Loop-top Sources during Solar Flares

Nonthermal loop-top sources in solar flares are the most prominent observational signature that suggests energy release and particle acceleration in the solar corona. Although several scenarios for particle acceleration have been proposed, the origin of the loop-top sources remains unclear. Here we present a model that combines a large-scale magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a two-ribbon flare with a particle acceleration and transport model for investigating electron acceleration by a fast-mode termination shock at the looptop. Our model provides spatially resolved electron distribution that evolves in response to the dynamic flare geometry. We find a concave-downward magnetic structure located below the flare termination shock, induced by the fast reconnection downflows. It acts as a magnetic trap to confine the electrons at the looptop for an extended period of time. The electrons are energized significantly as they cross the shock front, and eventually build up a power-law energy spectrum extending to hundreds of keV. We suggest that this particle acceleration and transport scenario driven by a flare termination shock is a viable interpretation for the observed nonthermal loop-top sources.

preprint2019arXiv

The Fate of Instability of de Sitter Black Holes at Large $D$

We study non-linearly the gravitational instabilities of Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter and Gauss-Bonnet-de Sitter black holes by using the large $D$ expansion method. In both cases, the thresholds of the instability are found to be consistent with the linear analysis, and on the thresholds the evolutions of the black holes under perturbations settle down to stationary lumpy solutions. However, the solutions in unstable region are highly time-dependent, and resemble the fully localized black spots and black ring with $S^{D-2}$ and $S^1\times S^{D-3}$ topologies, respectively. Our study indicates the possible transition between the lumpy black holes and localized black holes in higher dimensions.

preprint2018arXiv

Decoding Staircase Codes with Marked Bits

preprint2018arXiv

Increasing Achievable Information Rates via Geometric Shaping

Achievable information rates are used as a metric to design novel modulation formats via geometric shaping. The proposed geometrically shaped 256-ary constellation achieves SNR gains of up to 1.18 dB.

preprint2017arXiv

Dynamics and control of gold-encapped gallium arsenide nanowires imaged by 4D electron microscopy

Eutectic related reaction is a special chemical/physical reaction involving multiple phases, solid and liquid. Visualization of phase reaction of composite nanomaterials with high spatial and temporal resolution provides a key understanding of alloy growth with important industrial applications. However, it has been a rather challenging task. Here we report the direct imaging and control of the phase reaction dynamics of a single, as-grown free-standing gallium arsenide nanowire encapped with a gold nanoparticle, free from environmental confinement or disturbance, using four-dimensional electron microscopy. The non-destructive preparation of as-grown free-standing nanowires without supporting films allows us to study their anisotropic properties in their native environment with better statistical character. A laser heating pulse initiates the eutectic related reaction at a temperature much lower than the melting points of the composite materials, followed by a precisely time-delayed electron pulse to visualize the irreversible transient states of nucleation, growth and solidification of the complex. Combined with theoretical modeling, useful thermodynamic parameters of the newly formed alloy phases and their crystal structures could be determined. This technique of dynamical control and 4D imaging of phase reaction processes on the nanometer-ultrafast time scale open new venues for engineering various reactions in a wide variety of other systems.

preprint2016arXiv

AdS and Lifshitz Scalar Hairy Black Holes in Gauss-Bonnet Gravity

We consider Gauss-Bonnet (GB) gravity in general dimensions, which is non-minimally coupled to a scalar field. By choosing the scalar potential of the type $V(ϕ)=2Λ_0+\fft 12m^2ϕ^2+γ_4ϕ^4$, we first obtain large classes of scalar hairy black holes with spherical/hyperbolic/planar topologies that are asymptotic to locally anti-de Sitter (AdS) space-times. We derive the first law of black hole thermodynamics using Wald formalism. In particular, for one class of the solutions, the scalar hair forms a thermodynamic conjugate with the graviton and nontrivially contributes to the thermodynamical first law. We observe that except for one class of the planar black holes, all these solutions are constructed at the critical point of GB gravity where there exists an unique AdS vacua. In fact, Lifshitz vacuum is also allowed at the critical point. We then construct many new classes of neutral and charged Lifshitz black hole solutions for a either minimally or non-minimally coupled scalar and derive the thermodynamical first laws. We also obtain new classes of exact dynamical AdS and Lifshitz solutions which describe radiating white holes. The solutions eventually become an AdS or Lifshitz vacua at late retarded times. However, for one class of the solutions the final state is an AdS space-time with a globally naked singularity.

preprint2016arXiv

Constructions of Optimal Cyclic $(r,δ)$ Locally Repairable Codes

A code is said to be a $r$-local locally repairable code (LRC) if each of its coordinates can be repaired by accessing at most $r$ other coordinates. When some of the $r$ coordinates are also erased, the $r$-local LRC can not accomplish the local repair, which leads to the concept of $(r,δ)$-locality. A $q$-ary $[n, k]$ linear code $\cC$ is said to have $(r, δ)$-locality ($δ\ge 2$) if for each coordinate $i$, there exists a punctured subcode of $\cC$ with support containing $i$, whose length is at most $r + δ- 1$, and whose minimum distance is at least $δ$. The $(r, δ)$-LRC can tolerate $δ-1$ erasures in total, which degenerates to a $r$-local LRC when $δ=2$. A $q$-ary $(r,δ)$ LRC is called optimal if it meets the Singleton-like bound for $(r,δ)$-LRCs. A class of optimal $q$-ary cyclic $r$-local LRCs with lengths $n\mid q-1$ were constructed by Tamo, Barg, Goparaju and Calderbank based on the $q$-ary Reed-Solomon codes. In this paper, we construct a class of optimal $q$-ary cyclic $(r,δ)$-LRCs ($δ\ge 2$) with length $n\mid q-1$, which generalizes the results of Tamo \emph{et al.} Moreover, we construct a new class of optimal $q$-ary cyclic $r$-local LRCs with lengths $n\mid q+1$ and a new class of optimal $q$-ary cyclic $(r,δ)$-LRCs ($δ\ge 2$) with lengths $n\mid q+1$. The constructed optimal LRCs with length $n=q+1$ have the best-known length $q+1$ for the given finite field with size $q$ when the minimum distance is larger than $4$.

preprint2016arXiv

Criticality in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity: Gravity without Graviton

General Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with a cosmological constant allows two (A)dS spacetimes as its vacuum solutions. We find a critical point in the parameter space where the two (A)dS spacetimes coalesce into one and the linearized perturbations lack any bilinear kinetic terms. The vacuum perturbations hence loose their interpretation as linear graviton modes at the critical point. Nevertheless, the critical theory admits black hole solutions due to the nonlinear effect. We also consider Einstein gravity extended with general quadratic curvature invariants and obtain critical points where the theory has no bilinear kinetic terms for either the scalar trace mode or the transverse modes. Such critical phenomena are expected to occur frequently in general higher derivative gravities.

preprint2016arXiv

Exact formation of hairy planar black holes

We consider Einstein gravity minimally coupled to a scalar field with a given potential in general dimensions. We obtain large classes of static hairy planar black holes which are asymptotic to AdS space-times. In particular, for a special case $μ=(n-2)/2$, we obtain new classes of exact dynamical solutions describing black holes formation. We find there are two classes of collapse solutions. The first class solutions describe the evolution start from AdS space-time with a naked singularity at the origin. The space-time is linearly unstable and evolves into stationary black hole states even under small perturbation. The second class solutions describe the space-time spontaneously evolves from AdS vacua into stationary black hole states undergoing non-linear instability. We also discuss the global properties of all these dynamical solutions.

preprint2016arXiv

Experimental Determination of the Fermi Surface of Sr3Ir4Sn13

The stannide family of materials A3T4Sn13 (A = La,Sr,Ca, T = Ir,Rh) is interesting due to the interplay between a tunable lattice instability and phonon-mediated superconductivity with Tc ~ 5-7 K. In Sr3Ir4Sn13 a structural transition temperature T* ~ 147 K associated with this instability has been reported, which is believed to result from a superlattice distortion of the high temperature phase on cooling. Here we report the first experimental study of the electronic structure of a member of this material family - Sr3Ir4Sn13 through measurements of quantum oscillations and comparison with density functional theory calculations. Our measurements reveal good agreement with theory using the lattice parameters consistent with a body-centred cubic lattice of symmetry I-43d of the low temperature phase. The study of the fermiology of Sr3Ir4Sn13 we present here should help inform models of multiband superconductivity in the superconducting stannides.

preprint2016arXiv

Global sausage oscillation of solar flare loops detected by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

An observation from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph reveals coherent oscillations in the loops of an M1.6 flare on 2015 March 12. Both the intensity and Doppler shift of Fe~{\sc{xxi}}~1354.08Å~show clear oscillations with a period of $\sim$25 seconds. Remarkably similar oscillations were also detected in the soft X-ray flux recorded by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). With an estimated phase speed of $\sim$2420~km~s$^{-1}$ and a derived electron density of at least 5.4$\times$10$^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$, the observed short-period oscillation is most likely the global fast sausage mode of a hot flare loop. We find a phase shift of $\sim$$π$/2 (1/4 period) between the Doppler shift oscillation and the intensity/GOES oscillations, which is consistent with a recent forward modeling study of the sausage mode. The observed oscillation requires a density contrast between the flare loop and coronal background of a factor $\geqslant$42. The estimated phase speed of the global mode provides an lower limit of the Alfvén speed outside the flare loop. We also find an increase of the oscillation period, which might be caused by the separation of the loop footpoints with time.

preprint2016arXiv

Global Structure of Exact Scalar Hairy Dynamical Black Holes

We study the global structure of some exact scalar hairy dynamical black holes which were constructed in Einstein gravity either minimally or non-minimally coupled to a scalar field. We find that both the apparent horizon and the local event horizon (measured in luminosity coordinate) monotonically increase with the advanced time as well as the Vaidya mass. At late advanced times, the apparent horizon approaches the event horizon and gradually becomes future outer. Correspondingly, the space-time arrives at stationary black hole states with the relaxation time inversely proportional to the $1/(n-1)$ power of the final black hole mass, where $n$ is the space-time dimension. These results strongly support the solutions describing the formation of black holes with scalar hair. We also obtain new charged dynamical solutions in the non-minimal theory by introducing an Maxwell field which is non-minimally coupled to the scalar. The presence of the electric charge strongly modifies the dynamical evolution of the space-time.

preprint2016arXiv

Higher spin entanglement entropy at finite temperature with chemical potential

It is generally believed that the semiclassical AdS$_3$ higher spin gravity could be described by a two dimensional conformal field theory with ${\cal{W}}$-algebra symmetry in the large central charge limit. In this paper, we study the single interval entanglement entropy on the torus in the CFT with a ${\cW}_3$ deformation. More generally we develop the monodromy analysis to compute the two-point function of the light operators under a thermal density matrix with a ${\cW}_3$ chemical potential to the leading order. Holographically we compute the probe action of the Wilson line in the background of the spin-3 black hole with a chemical potential. We find exact agreement.

preprint2016arXiv

Holographic Description of 2D Conformal Block in Semi-classical Limit

In this paper, we study the holographic descriptions of the conformal block of heavy operators in two-dimensional large c conformal field theory. We consider the case that the operators are pairwise inserted such that the distance between the operators in a pair is much smaller than the others. In this case, each pair of heavy operators creates a conical defect in the bulk. We propose that the conformal block is dual to the on-shell action of three dimensional geometry with conical defects in the semi-classical limit. We show that the variation of the on-shell action with respect to the conical angle is equal to the length of the corresponding conical defect. We derive this differential relation on the conformal block in the field theory by introducing two extra light operators as both the probe and the perturbation. Our study also suggests that the area law of the holographic Renyi entropy must holds for a large class of states generated by a finite number of heavy operators insertion.

preprint2016arXiv

Holographic Entanglement Entropy For a Large Class of States in 2D CFT

In this paper, we study the entanglement entropy in a large class of states of two-dimensional conformal field theory in the the large central charge limit. This class of states includes the states created by the insertion of a finite number of local heavy operators. By using the monodromy analysis, we obtain the leading order entanglement entropy for the general state. We show that it is exactly captured by the Ryu-Takayanagi formula, by using the Wilsonian line prescription in the Chern-Simons formulation of the AdS$_3$ gravity.

preprint2016arXiv

New investigations on the transverse spin of structured optical fields

Guided waves and surface waves can be taken as two typical examples of structured optical fields with the transverse spin. Analytical derivations are developed to demonstrate that (i) guided waves also carry the transverse spin that depends on the mean direction of propagation, which may have important applications in spin-dependent unidirectional optical interfaces; (ii) the quantization form of the transverse spin is for the first time revealed, which is not obvious and related to an ellipticity; (iii) from a unified point of view, the transverse spin can be attributed to the presence of an effective rest mass of structured optical fields; (iv) the transverse spin can also be described by the spin matrix of the photon field; (v) unlike a free optical field whose spin projection on the propagation direction is the only observable, owing to the effective rest mass, the spin projection of structured optical fields on other directions is also an observable, such that one can develop an optical analogy of spintronics. A preliminary idea about the potential applications of the transverse spin is presented, but an in-depth and complete study will be presented in our next work.

preprint2016arXiv

Observation of Ultralong Valley Lifetime in WSe2/MoS2 Heterostructures

The valley degree of freedom in two-dimensional (2D) crystals recently emerged as a novel information carrier in addition to spin and charge. The intrinsic valley lifetime in 2D transition metal dichalcoginides (TMD) is expected to be remarkably long due to the unique spin-valley locking behavior, where the inter-valley scattering of electron requires simultaneously a large momentum transfer to the opposite valley and a flip of the electron spin. The experimentally observed valley lifetime in 2D TMDs, however, has been limited to tens of nanoseconds so far. Here we report efficient generation of microsecond-long lived valley polarization in WSe2/MoS2 heterostructures by exploiting the ultrafast charge transfer processes in the heterostructure that efficiently creates resident holes in the WSe2 layer. These valley-polarized holes exhibit near unity valley polarization and ultralong valley lifetime: we observe a valley-polarized hole population lifetime of over 1 us, and a valley depolarization lifetime (i.e. inter-valley scattering lifetime) over 40 us at 10 Kelvin. The near-perfect generation of valley-polarized holes in TMD heterostructures with ultralong valley lifetime, orders of magnitude longer than previous results, opens up new opportunities for novel valleytronics and spintronics applications.

preprint2016arXiv

Resolving the Fan-Spine Reconnection Geometry of a Small-Scale Chromospheric Jet Event with the New Solar Telescope

Jets present ubiquitously in both quiet and active regions on the Sun. They are widely believed to be driven by magnetic reconnection. A fan-spine structure has been frequently reported in some coronal jets and flares, regarded as a signature of ongoing magnetic reconnection in a topology consisting of a magnetic null connected by a fan-like separatrix surface and a spine. However, for small-scale chromospheric jets, clear evidence of such structures is rather rare, although they are implied in earlier works that show an inverted-Y-shaped feature. Here we report high-resolution (0$"$.16) observations of a small-scale chromospheric jet obtained by the New Solar Telescope (NST) using 10830~Å filtergrams. Bi-directional flows were observed across the separatrix regions in the 10830~Å images, suggesting that the jet was produced due to magnetic reconnection. At the base of the jet, a fan-spine structure was clearly resolved by the NST, including the spine and the fan-like surface, as well as the loops before and after the reconnection. A major part of this fan-spine structure, with the exception of its bright footpoints and part of the base arc, was invisible in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray images (observed by the Atmosphere Imaging Assembly and the X-Ray Telescope, respectively), indicating that the reconnection occurred in the upper chromosphere. Our observations suggest that the evolution of this chromospheric jet is consistent with a two-step reconnection scenario proposed by \citet{Torok2009}

preprint2016arXiv

Short interval expansion of Rényi entropy on torus

We investigate the short interval expansion of the Rényi entropy for two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) on a torus. We require the length of the interval $\ell$ to be small with respect to the spatial and temporal sizes of the torus. The operator product expansion of the twist operators allows us to compute the short interval expansion of the Rényi entropy at any temperature. In particular, we pay special attention to the large $c$ CFTs dual to the AdS$_3$ gravity and its cousins. At both low and high temperature limits, we read the Rényi entropies to order $\ell^6$, and find good agreements with holographic results. Moreover, the expansion allows us to read $1/c$ contribution, which is hard to get by expanding the thermal density matrix. We generalize the study to the case with the chemical potential as well.

preprint2016arXiv

Sum uncertainty relations based on Wigner-Yanase skew information

We study sum uncertainty relations for arbitrary finite $N$ quantum mechanical observables. Some uncertainty inequalities are presented by using skew information introduced by Wigner and Yanase. These uncertainty inequalities are nontrivial as long as the observables are mutually noncommutative. The relations among these new and existing uncertainty inequalities have been investigated. Detailed examples are presented.

preprint2016arXiv

Synthesis, characterization and physical properties of layered bismuthide PtBi$_2$

We report details of single crystal growth of stoichiometric bismuthide PtBi$_2$ whose structure consists of alternate stacking of Pt layer sandwiched by Bi bilayer along the $c$-axis. The compound crystallizes in space group P-3 with a hexagonal unit cell of $a$=$b$=6.553$Å$, $c$=6.165$Å$. The magnetization data show opposite sign for fields parallel and perpendicular to the Pt layers, respectively. The $T$-dependent resistivity is typical of a metal and the magnetic response shows clear two types of charge carriers and the validity of the semi-classical Kohler's rule. Its physical properties was discussed in comparison with recently proposed topological superconductor $β$-PdBi$_2$.

preprint2016arXiv

The First Focused Hard X-ray Images of the Sun with NuSTAR

We present results from the the first campaign of dedicated solar observations undertaken by the \textit{Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray} ({\em NuSTAR}) hard X-ray telescope. Designed as an astrophysics mission, {\em NuSTAR} nonetheless has the capability of directly imaging the Sun at hard X-ray energies ($>$3~keV) with an increase in sensitivity of at least two magnitude compared to current non-focusing telescopes. In this paper we describe the scientific areas where \textit{NuSTAR} will make major improvements on existing solar measurements. We report on the techniques used to observe the Sun with \textit{NuSTAR}, their limitations and complications, and the procedures developed to optimize solar data quality derived from our experience with the initial solar observations. These first observations are briefly described, including the measurement of the Fe K-shell lines in a decaying X-class flare, hard X-ray emission from high in the solar corona, and full-disk hard X-ray images of the Sun.

preprint2016arXiv

Variance-based uncertainty relations for incompatible observables

We formulate uncertainty relations for arbitrary finite number of incompatible observables. Based on the sum of variances of the observables, both Heisenberg-type and Schrödinger-type uncertainty relations are provided. These new lower bounds are stronger in most of the cases than the ones derived from some existing inequalities. Detailed examples are presented.

Bin Chen

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221 published item(s)

GLM-5V-Turbo: Toward a Native Foundation Model for Multimodal Agents

Autonomous Crowdsensing: Operating and Organizing Crowdsensing for Sensing Automation

GMMFormer: Gaussian-Mixture-Model Based Transformer for Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrieval

FFCA-Net: Stereo Image Compression via Fast Cascade Alignment of Side Information

On almost-prime $k$-tuples

A model of double coronal hard X-ray sources in solar flares

A portable atom gravimeter operating in noisy urban environments

Advancing Theory and Modeling Efforts in Heliophysics

Analytical SNR Prediction in Long-Haul Optical Transmission using General Dual-Polarization 4D Formats

Bounds and Constructions of Singleton-Optimal Locally Repairable Codes with Small Localities

Content-aware Scalable Deep Compressed Sensing

Contrastive Quantization with Code Memory for Unsupervised Image Retrieval

Cycle Self-Training for Semi-Supervised Object Detection with Distribution Consistency Reweighting

Hybrid Contrastive Quantization for Efficient Cross-View Video Retrieval

Implications for additional plasma heating driving the extreme-ultraviolet late phase of a solar flare with microwave imaging spectroscopy

Learning to Deblur using Light Field Generated and Real Defocus Images

MoCL: Data-driven Molecular Fingerprint via Knowledge-aware Contrastive Learning from Molecular Graph

Modeling Electron Acceleration and Transport in the Early Impulsive Phase of the 2017 September 10 Solar Flare

Multi-Scale Architectures Matter: On the Adversarial Robustness of Flow-based Lossless Compression

Polarized Images of Synchrotron Radiations in Curved Spacetime

Short-range Crystalline Order-Tuned Conductivity in Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ van der Waals Magnetic Crystals

Some Results on the Improved Bound and Construction of Optimal $(r,δ)$ LRCs

Subspace modeling for fast and high-sensitivity X-ray chemical imaging

Superconductivity in the nodal-line compound La$_3$Pt$_3$Bi$_4$

The Lp Minkowski problem for q-torsional rigidity

Universal topological quantum computation with strongly correlated Majorana edge modes

ViT-P: Rethinking Data-efficient Vision Transformers from Locality

Coronal Magnetic Field Measurements along a Partially Erupting Filament in a Solar Flare

Deformed Integrable Models from Holomorphic Chern-Simons Theory

Energetic Electron Distribution of the Coronal Acceleration Region: First results from Joint Microwave and Hard X-ray Imaging Spectroscopy

High spin expansion for null geodesics

Modeling of Nonlinear Interference Power for Dual-Polarization 4D Formats

Shape-driven Coordinate Ordering for Star Glyph Sets via Reinforcement Learning

The Origin of Underdense Plasma Downflows Associated with Magnetic Reconnection in Solar Flares

Topological reflected entropy in Chern-Simons theories

A Survey of Computational Tools in Solar Physics

Accelerated electrons observed down to <7 keV in a NuSTAR solar microflare

Adversarial Attack on Deep Product Quantization Network for Image Retrieval

Circuit complexity for generalised coherent states in thermal field dynamics

COVID-19 causes record decline in global CO2 emissions

Dynamical modulation of solar flare electron acceleration due to plasmoid-shock interactions in the looptop region

Evolution of Flare-accelerated Electrons Quantified by Spatially Resolved Analysis

Hot Plasma Flows and Oscillations in the Loop-top Region During the September 10 2017 X8.2 Solar Flare

Imaging Spectroscopy of CME-Associated Solar Radio Bursts

Loop Operators in Three-Dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ Fishnet Theories

Machine Learning in Heliophysics and Space Weather Forecasting: A White Paper of Findings and Recommendations

Magnetic Reconnection During the Post-Impulsive Phase of a Long-Duration Solar Flare: Bi-Directional Outflows as a Cause of Microwave and X-ray Bursts

Measurement of magnetic field and relativistic electrons along a solar flare current sheet

Mercury-related health benefits from retrofitting coal-fired power plants in China

Metamagnetic transitions and anomalous magnetoresistance in EuAg$_4$As$_2$ single crystal

Microwave Spectral Imaging of an Erupting Magnetic Flux Rope: Implications for the Standard Solar Flare Model in Three Dimensions

On Modular Signs Of Half Integral Weights

Photon Emission Near Myers-Perry Black Holes in the Large Dimension Limit

QED Effect on Black Hole Shadow

Quantum chaos associated with emergent ergosurface in transition layer between type-I and type-II Weyl semimetals

Quantum Fisher information-based detection of genuine tripartite entanglement

Shadow of a Spinning Black Hole in an Expanding Universe

TAP-Net: Transport-and-Pack using Reinforcement Learning

Targeted Attack for Deep Hashing based Retrieval

Total variance and invariant information in complementary measurements

Two-parameter Radial Equilibrium Models for Field-Reversed Configurations

11,700 km Transmission at 4.8 bit/4D-sym via Four-dimensional Geometrically-shaped Polarization-Ring-Switching Modulation

2d Galilean Field Theories with Anisotropic Scaling

30% Reach Increase via Low-complexity Hybrid HD/SD FEC and Nonlinearity-tolerant 4D Modulation

A Polarization-insensitive and High-speed Electro-optic Switch Based on a Hybrid Silicon and Lithium Niobate Platform

Asymmetric $λ$-deformed cosets

Improved Decoding of Staircase Codes: The Soft-aided Bit-marking (SABM) Algorithm

Improving HD-FEC decoding via bit marking

Rényi Mutual Information in Holographic Warped CFTs

Spin and Quadrupole Couplings for High Spin Equatorial Intermediate Mass-ratio Coalescences

Surface/State correspondence and $T\overline{T}$ deformation

The Acceleration and Confinement of Energetic Electrons by a Termination Shock in a Magnetic Trap: An Explanation for Nonthermal Loop-top Sources during Solar Flares

The Fate of Instability of de Sitter Black Holes at Large $D$

Decoding Staircase Codes with Marked Bits